Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is one of a group of conditions called eccentric personality disorders. People with PPD suffer from paranoia, an unrelenting mistrust and suspicion of others, even when there is no reason to be suspicious. 偏执型人格障碍(PPD)是一组被称为古怪人格障碍的状态中的一个。患有PPD的人遭受着偏执——一种对他人持续不信任和怀疑，即使没有理由怀疑。 Overview 概览 What is paranoid personality disorder? 什么是偏执型人格障碍？ Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is one of a group of conditions called Cluster A or eccentric personality disorders. People with these disorders often appear odd or peculiar. The essential characteristic of people with PPD is paranoia, a relentless mistrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious. This disorder often begins in childhood or early adolescence and appears to be more common in men than in women. Studies estimate that PPD affects between 2.3% and 4.4% of the general population. 偏执型人格障碍(PPD)是一组被称为A簇或古怪人格障碍的状态中的一个。具有这些障碍的人通常显得古怪异常。PPD患者的本质特征是偏执——一种在没有足够理由的情况下，对他人持续的不信任与怀疑。这种障碍通常起始于童年或者青春期早期，在男人中必在女人中更常见。研究估计一般人群中2.3%到4.4%的人受到PPD影响。 What causes paranoid personality disorder? 是什么导致了偏执型人格障碍？ The exact cause of PPD is not known, but it likely involves a combination of biological and psychological factors. The fact that PPD is more common in people who have close relatives with schizophrenia and delusional disorder suggests a genetic link between the two disorders (may run in the family). It is also believed that early childhood experiences, including physical or emotional trauma, play a role in the development of PPD. PPD的确切起因未知，但很有可能涉及到生物和心理两个方面的因素。近亲属中有精神分裂跟妄想障碍的人，更容易罹患PPD，这暗示着这两种障碍之间存在某种基因联系(在家族内传递)。童年早期的经历，比如身体和情感上的创伤，被认为在PPD的发展中扮演了某种角色。 What are the symptoms of paranoid personality disorder? 偏执型人格障碍的症状是什么？ People with PPD are always on guard, believing that others are constantly trying to demean, harm, or threaten them. These generally unfounded beliefs, as well as their habits of blame and distrust, interfere with their ability to form close or even workable relationships. People with this disorder: PPD患者总是处在警惕之中，认为其他人在不断地贬低、伤害或威胁他们。这些通常毫无事实根据的信念，跟他们责备和不信任的习惯，损害了他们建立亲密甚至是可行的关系的能力。具有这种障碍的人具有一下特点：

• Doubt the commitment, loyalty, or trustworthiness of others, believing others are exploiting or deceiving them.
• 怀疑他人的承诺、忠诚或可信度，认为他人在剥削或欺骗他们。
• Are reluctant to confide in others or reveal personal information because they are afraid the information will be used against them.
• 不愿意向他人吐露秘密或透露个人信息，因为他们害怕这些信息会被用来对付他们。
• Are unforgiving and hold grudges.
• 不宽容，心怀怨恨。
• Are hypersensitive and take criticism poorly.
• 超级敏感，很难接受批评。
• Read hidden meanings in the innocent remarks or casual looks of others.
• 能从别人的无心之语或漫不经心的表情中读出隐藏的含义。
• Perceive attacks on their character that are not apparent to others; they generally react with anger and are quick to retaliate.
• 能够感知到其他人感知不到的对自己性格的攻击;他们通常会愤怒地做出反应，并很快进行报复。
• Have persistent suspicions, without reason, that their spouses or lovers are being unfaithful.
• 毫无理由地持续怀疑他们的配偶或爱人不忠。
• Are generally cold and distant in their relationships with others, and might become controlling and jealous to avoid being betrayed.
• 在与他人的关系中，他们通常是冷漠和疏远的，可能会变得爱控制人和嫉妒，以避免被背叛。
• Cannot see their role in problems or conflicts, believing they are always right.
• 不能看到他们自己在问题或冲突中的角色，相信他们总是正确的。[这句简直太贴切了]
• Have difficulty relaxing.
• 无法放松
• Are hostile, stubborn, and argumentative.
• 具有敌意，固执，好争辩。
• Tend to develop negative stereotypes of others, especially those from different cultural groups.
• 倾向于对他人形成负面的刻板印象，尤其是来自不同文化群体的人。

Diagnosis and Tests 诊断和测试 How is paranoid personality disorder diagnosed? 偏执型人格障碍如何诊断？ If a person has symptoms, the doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical history and physical examination. Although there are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose personality disorders, the doctor might use various diagnostic tests to rule out physical illness as the cause of the symptoms. For example, difficulty hearing or long-lasting substance abuse may be confused with PPD. 如果一个人有症状，医生将通过执行一个完整的病史检查和体检来开始评估。虽然没有实验室测试来专门诊断人格障碍，医生可能会使用各种诊断测试来排除症状的身体疾病原因。例如，听力障碍或长期药物滥用可能与PPD混淆。 If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she might refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, health care professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. PPD is different from psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, paranoid type or delusional disorder, persecutory type, in that the person with PPD lacks the perceptual distortions (for example, hearing voices) or bizarre delusional thinking (for example, being followed everywhere by the FBI). Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a personality disorder. 如果医生没有发现这些症状的生理原因，他可能会将患者转介给精神病学家或心理学家，即受过专门训练来诊断和治疗精神疾病的卫生保健专业人士。PPD不同于精神分裂症、偏执型(或说妄想障碍中的被迫害型) [此处翻译得没把握。按DSM-5说法，妄想障碍不是人格障碍，妄想障碍有多种子类型，其中有种被迫害型。这种子类型跟偏执型人格障碍很容易混淆。二者的差别是：妄想障碍的妄想是持续不断的。按PDM-2的说法，妄想障碍常常跟边缘水平的人格障碍并发。] 等精神障碍，PPD患者缺乏知觉扭曲(如听到声音)或奇怪的妄想思维(如被FBI到处跟踪)。精神病学家和心理学家使用特别设计的访谈和评估工具来评估一个人的人格障碍。 Management and Treatment 管理与治疗 How is paranoid personality disorder treated? 偏执型人格障碍如何治疗？ People with PPD often do not seek treatment on their own because they do not see themselves as having a problem. The distrust of others felt by people with PPD also poses a challenge for health care professionals because trust is an important factor of psychotherapy (a form of counseling). As a result, many people with PPD do not follow their treatment plan and may even question the motives of the therapist. PPD患者通常不会自己寻求治疗，因为他们认为自己没有问题。PPD患者对他人的不信任也给医护人员带来了挑战，因为信任是心理治疗(一种咨询形式)的一个重要因素。因此，许多PPD患者没有遵循他们的治疗计划，甚至可能会质疑治疗师的动机。 When a patient seeks treatment for PPD, psychotherapy is the treatment of choice. Treatment likely will focus on increasing general coping skills, especially trust and empathy, as well as on improving social interaction, communication, and self-esteem. 当患者寻求治疗PPD时，心理治疗是首选的治疗方法。治疗的重点可能是提高一般的应对技能，尤其是信任和同理心，以及改善社会互动、沟通和自尊。 Medication generally is not used to treat PPD. However, medications—such as anti-anxiety, antidepressant, or anti-psychotic drugs—might be prescribed if the person’s symptoms are extreme, or if he or she also suffers from an associated psychological problem, such as anxiety or depression. PPD一般不进行药物治疗。然而，如果一个人的症状很严重，或者也有相关的心理问题，比如焦虑或抑郁，医生可能会开一些药物，比如抗焦虑剂、抗抑郁剂或抗精神病药。 What are the complications of paranoid personality disorder? 偏执型人格障碍的并发症是什么？ The thinking and behaviors associated with PPD can interfere with a person’s ability to form and maintain relationships, as well as their ability to function socially and in work situations. In many cases, people with PPD become involved in legal battles, suing people or companies they believe are "out to get them." 与PPD相关的思维和行为会损害一个人形成和维持人际关系的能力，以及他们在社交和工作场合中发挥作用的能力。在很多情况下，患有PPD患者会卷入法律纠纷，起诉他们认为“想要伤害他们”的人或公司。[关于“out to get them”的翻译。牛津高级学习词典给的解释：He thinks everybody is out to get him (= trying to harm him)；麦克米兰英英词典给的解释：out to get someone (=determined to harm or punish someone): The way he acts, it's like he's out to get me.] Prevention 预防 Can paranoid personality disorder be prevented? 偏执型人格障碍能够预防吗？ Although it might not be possible to prevent PPD, treatment can sometimes allow a person who is prone to this disorder to learn more productive ways of dealing with situations. 虽然预防PPD可能是不可能的，但治疗有时可以让容易患这种疾病的人学会更有效的处理情况的方法。 Outlook / Prognosis 前景和预后 What is the outlook for people with paranoid personality disorder? 偏执型人格障碍患者的前景什么？ The outlook for people with PPD varies. It is a chronic disorder, which means it tends to last throughout a person’s life. Although some people can function fairly well with PPD and are able to marry and hold jobs, others are completely disabled by the disorder. Because people with PPD tend to resist treatment, the prognosis often is poor. PPD患者的前景各不相同。它是一种慢性疾病，这意味着它往往会持续一生。虽然有些人在带有PPD的情况下运转的相当良好，能够结婚并保住工作，但也有一些人因为此障碍而完全废掉。由于PPD患者倾向于抗拒治疗，预后往往较差。