Cognitive Studies 认知研究 Some recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of paranoid performance, particularly with regard to the progression from information input to hypothesis formation. One of the enigmas of paranoia is how it is that individuals whose intellectual and perceptual apparatuses are relatively intact can maintain delusional or false beliefs. Thus Sarvis (1962) suggested that one of the causes of paranoid reactions may lie in the area of perceptual distortion. She pointed out that sensory deprivation, sensory overload, or sensory distortion, as in delayed-feedback experiments, all tended to produce disorganization of secondary thought processes and produced marked anxiety. If perceptual deprivation, overload or distortion were maintained for a sufficient length of time or with sufficient severity, it would drive the subject into greater disorganization and specifically in the direction of a paranoid reaction. 最近的一些研究侧重于偏执表现的认知方面，特别是从信息输入到假设形成的过程。偏执症的谜团之一是，那些智力和感知器官相对完整的人，是如何保持妄想或错误信念的。因此，Sarvis(1962)提出偏执反应的原因之一可能是知觉扭曲。她指出，在延迟反馈实验中，感官剥夺、感官超载或感官扭曲都会导致次级思维过程的混乱，并产生明显的焦虑。如果知觉剥夺、超载或扭曲持续足够长的时间或有足够严重的程度，就会使被试者更大程度地失去组织，特别是向偏执反应的方向发展。 This raises the question of whether the problem is to be seen as the level of sensory input, or at a subsequent level of information processing. McReynolds(1960) has proposed that the assimiliation of percepts is a critical aspect of normal cognitive functioning, and that anxiety may be thought of as the function of the quantity of percepts which the subject is unable to assimilate. The major detriment in such assimilation is the incongruencies among conceptual patterns according to which assimilation would occur. Thus he relates the characteristics of schizophrenia, including avoidance, withdrawal, apathy, and hallucinations, as in part attempts to deal with a high level of unassimilated percepts. Delusional beliefs thereby become attempts to bring about assimilation of otherwise unassimilable percepts. 这就提出了一个问题，这个问题是被视为感官输入的层次，还是在随后的信息处理的层次。McReynolds(1960)提出感知同化是正常认知功能的一个关键方面，焦虑可能被认为是主体无法同化的感知数量的函数。这种同化的主要危害是，根据这些同化发生的概念模式之间的不一致。因此，他将精神分裂症的特征联系起来，包括逃避、退缩、冷漠和幻觉，这在一定程度上是为了应对高水平的未同化感知。妄想性信念因此成为带来同化的尝试，而这些感知无法以其他方式同化。 Following this line of thinking, Abroms, Taintor, and Lhamon(1966) hypothesized that a task in which a judgment process must be based on incomplete amounts of data would cause paranoid subjects to form more a typical and incorrect judgments rather than not forming any judgments at all. Paranoid subjects, they felt, would tend to try to assimilate unassimilated percepts rather than suspending judgment, even at the price of accuracy. They also felt that this assimilation tendency would be more pronounced with the increasing severity of the paranoid symptomatology. Using a modification of the MMPI and results from gestalt completion figure tests, they found that the number of incorrect responses on the test increases with the severity of paranoid trait, and consequently that their hypotheses were substantiated. These findings are of great significance for the understanding of the genesis of paranoia. 遵循这一思路，Abroms、Taintor和Lhamon(1966)假设，一个判断过程必须基于不完整数据量的任务将导致偏执受试者形成更多非典型和不正确的判断，而不是根本不形成任何判断。他们认为，偏执受试者倾向于同化未同化的感知，而不是中止判断，即使以准确性为代价。他们还认为，随着偏执症状的日益严重，这种同化倾向会更加明显。通过一个修改版的MMPI [明尼苏达多项人格问卷，该测验是以评测精神病人的个人的、社会的以及行为的问题为目的的。]和格式塔完成图测试的结果，他们发现测试中错误回答的数量随着偏执特征的严重程度而增加，因此他们的假设得到了证实。这些发现对了解偏执症的起源具有重要意义。