Later Views 后期观点 Freud did not significantly alter the content of his theory of paranoia in succeeding years, but he did add some significant modifications under the influence of his evolving ideas on narcissism and the gradual emergence of the structural theory. In the germinal paper on narcissism(1914), Freud spoke of a special psychic agency which performed the task of seeing to it that the satisfaction from the ego ideal was insured and which thus constantly watches the ego and measures it according to the ego ideal. He related this self-critical function to paranoid delusions of being watched. The delusion was a projection of the supervisory function of the internal criticizing agency, which thus re-created the situation in which the ego ideal and the critical agency of conscience were produced, namely, from the critical influence of the parents(Freud,1914, pp.95-96). The same ideas on the projection of conscience were presented substantially unchanged in the third part of The Introductory Lectures(Freud,1916-17, pp.248-249). 弗洛伊德在随后的几年中并没有对他的偏执理论的内容进行重大的修改，但是在他对自恋思想的不断发展和结构理论的逐渐出现的影响下，他确实做了一些重大的修改。在关于自恋最早的论文中(1914)中，弗洛伊德提到了一种特殊的心理代理，它的任务是确保自我理想的满足，并因此不断地观察自我，并根据自我理想来衡量它。他把这种自我批评的功能与被监视的偏执妄想联系起来。妄想是内部批评机构监督功能的投射，这个内部批评机构创造了这样的情境，在其中，自我理想和良心批评机构从来自父母批评的影响中被创造出来了(弗洛伊德，1914，第95-96页)。同样的关于良心投射的观点，在导论的第三部分也基本没有改变(弗洛伊德，1916- 1917，页248-249)。 In 1923 Freud published another important treatment of the problem of paranoia in the form of an analysis of the demonic possession of a seventeenth-century painter, Christoph Haizmann (1923). Freud's account is of considerable interest from the point of view of the questions it raises for a psychoanalytic theory of psychosis. However, there is no indication that Freud's understanding of paranoid delusions had advanced much further than the lines laid down in his Schreber account(1911). In fact, it seems that he more or less intended it as a confirmation of the position he had formulated in his analysis of the Schreber Memoirs, namely, the derivation of paranoid pathology from unconscious homosexual wishes based on a frustrated longing for the father.¹ 1923年，弗洛伊德发表了另一篇对17世纪画家克里斯托夫·海兹曼(1923年)魔鬼附身的分析，对偏执症问题进行了重要的论述。从弗洛伊德对精神病的精神分析理论提出的问题来看，他的论述是相当有趣的。然而，没有迹象表明，弗洛伊德对偏执妄想的理解比他在对史瑞伯的论述(1911)中所阐述的更进一步。事实上，他似乎或多或少是想要证实他在分析史瑞伯《回忆录》时所阐述的立场，即，从基于对受挫的对父亲的渴望而产生的无意识的同性恋愿望衍生出偏执的病理。¹ The next important addition to the theory of paranoia came in his paper on "The Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality"(Freud,1922). In pathological forms of jealousy, for example, there is a projection of impulses to infidelity onto the partner and this has a delusional quality about it. The use of projection and the implicit denial of repressed homosexual wishes make delusional jealousy one of the classic forms of paranoia. But the delusion is supported not merely by projection, but by a perception by the patient of the impulses to infidelity in his partner, even though these impulses are often quite unconscious. Similarly, paranoid people cannot regard anything as indifferent in the behavior and attitudes of people around them; they are often responding to the unconscious impulses of hostility in other people. 对偏执理论的下一个重要补充出现在他的论文《嫉妒、偏执和同性恋的神经机制》(弗洛伊德，1922)中。例如，在病理形式的嫉妒中，会有不忠的冲动投射到伴侣身上，这有一种妄想的特质。投射的使用和对压抑的同性恋愿望的隐式的否认使得妄想性嫉妒成为偏执的典型形式之一。但这种妄想不仅是由投射支持的，而且是由患者对伴侣不忠冲动的感知支持的，尽管这些冲动通常是完全无意识的。同样，偏执型的人也不会认为周围人的行为和态度中的任何东西是中立的；他们经常对他人的无意识的敌意冲动做出反应。 This addition to the theory was important because it acknowledged that more may be at work in producing the paranoid symptoms than simply projection, and secondly, that the role of hostility was perhaps more important than Freud had until this time allowed. Very early in his thinking about paranoia Freud had acknowledged the importance of hostile impulses(Freud,1950,[1892-99],p.254). The role of hostility had been overridden by Freud's interest in libidinal aspects of the neuroses and of paranoia. In this connection he commented that, in the genesis of paranoia in females, an important influence was the surprisingly regular fear of being killed or devoured by the mother, stemming from preoedipal levels of dependent attachment to her. A little girl's oral, aggressive, and sadistic wishes are presented in repressed form as fear of being killed by the mother, and Freud only offers the speculation that this fear may in part reflect the child's sensing of the unconscious hostility on the mother's part(Freud,1931, pp.227-237;1933[1932],p.120). These latter considerations open the way to later formulations on the role of aggression in the genesis of paranoia. 这一理论的补充很重要，因为它承认产生偏执症状的原因可能不仅仅是简单的投射，其次，敌意的作用可能比弗洛伊德在此之前所允许的更为重要。在他对偏执症的思考中，弗洛伊德很早就认识到敌对冲动的重要性(弗洛伊德，1950，[1892-99]，第254页)。敌意的作用被弗洛伊德对神经官能症和偏执症的力比多方面的兴趣所取代。在这方面，他评论说，在女性偏执症的起源中，一个重要的影响是，对被母亲杀死或吞食的恐惧，这种恐惧惊人地常见，起源于对母亲依赖依恋的前俄狄浦斯时期水平。一个小女孩的口欲，攻击，虐待的愿望，以压抑的形式表达出来，即害怕被母亲杀死，但弗洛伊德只是提供了猜测，这种恐惧可能在一定程度上反映了孩子感知到母亲一方无意识的敌意(1931年弗洛伊德，pp.227 - 237; 1933 [1932], p.120)。这些后来的思考为后来关于攻击在偏执起源中的作用的形成开辟了道路。 ¹A useful and critical review of the development of Freud's views on psychosis—particularly paranoia—together with an analysis of the Schreber and Haizmann cases is provided in MacAlpine and Hunter(1956). The Haizmann manuscript and related documents are also reproduced in translation. ¹文献MacAlpine and Hunter(1956)对弗洛伊德关于精神病——尤其是偏执症——的观点的发展进行了有益而批判性的回顾，并对施雷伯和海兹曼的案例进行了分析。海兹曼手稿和相关文件也被翻译。