Role of Aggression 攻击的角色 Following Melanie Klein's lead, the emphasis shifted from libidinal to aggressive aspects of paranoia. Schmidebert (1931) presented two cases in which she felt that the paranoid idea arose out of aggressive impulses and formed an exact mirror image of sadistic fantasies. Aggression was directed primarily against the copulating parents in the primal scene, and was aroused by both homosexual and heterosexual wishes. She felt that the projection of sadism from both attitudes could produce paranoid delusions. Her emphasis was on the instinctual or aggressive derivation of the paranoid content, even though in both cases she remarks on the severe, harsh, and sadistic treatment meted out to these patients as children. The punitive attitude of the parents left the children in the position of feeling at all points that they could never do anything right. The combination of factors intensified the feelings of hate, anxiety and guilt and thus deprived these children of a normal outlet for their sadistic impulses and prevented their testing out of fantasies in reality. The aggression which was repressed and dammed up overflowed into the paranoid symptomatology. 在梅勒妮·克莱因的引领下，重点从力比多转向了偏执的攻击性。Schmidebert(1931)提出了两个案例，在这两个案例中，她认为偏执想法源于攻击冲动，形成了施虐狂幻想的精确镜像。在原始场景中，攻击性主要指向交配的父母，并由同性恋和异性恋的愿望引起。她觉得从这两种态度中投射出的施虐倾向会产生偏执妄想。她强调的是偏执内容的本能或侵略性的来源，尽管在这两个案例里，她都对这些病人在孩童时期所受到的严厉、苛刻和施虐的治疗进行了评论。父母的惩罚态度使孩子们感到他们无论如何也做不好任何事情。这些因素的组合加剧了仇恨、焦虑和内疚的感觉，从而剥夺了这些儿童正常的施虐冲动的发泄渠道，并阻止他们在现实中进行幻想的测试。这种被压抑和压制的攻击情绪，逐渐蔓延到偏执的症状学中。 Fenichel(1945) substantially agrees with Freud's formulation, but adds some comments on the role of the superego in paranoid delusions. He feels that these cannot be derived from a homosexual basis but may represent a relief by way of projection from the aggression which has been turned inward in the form of shame, guilt, or feelings of inadequacy. Similarly Knight(1940) discusses the element of intense unconscious hate in the paranoid by pointing out that the paranoid is caught up in an ever-present excessive need for love in order to neutralize the intense unconscious hate. More recently Hesselbach (1962) has emphasized the regression of the superego in delusion formation in paranoia. The original severity in the superego is determined by the severity of parental authority, by the projection of the patient's own aggressive impulses, and by the hostility resulting from repeated disappointment in them. In the regression there is a reemergence of certain archaic introjects which previously had constituted the ego ideal; these are then projected onto external objects which then become endowed with all the aggression and sadism with which the superego was once endowed. The delusional persecutors thereby take on the terrifying, sadistic, devouring, and phallic qualities of the original parental introjects. The function of the delusion of persecution is that it permits the unbearably guilt-ridden person to become righteously indignant and to struggle against sadistic impulses in the legitimate form of self-defense. While there were some progressive shifts in the development of thinking about paranoia and an increasing emphasis on the vicissitudes of aggression, as we have seen, the situation was still such that MacAlpine and Hunter(1953) could complain that the literature was concerned with confirming Freud's formulations and that no open criticism of his interpretation was to be found. Fenichel(1945)在很大程度上同意弗洛伊德的提法，但对超我在妄想中的作用做了一些评论。他觉得这些不能从同性恋的基础上推导出来，但可能代表一种解脱，通过投射的方式，从攻击中解脱出来，这种攻击已经以羞耻、内疚或不胜任的感觉的形式转向内部了。类似地，Knight(1940)讨论了偏执者强烈的无意识憎恨的元素，他指出偏执者总是陷入对爱的过度需求中，以中和强烈的无意识憎恨。最近，Hesselbach(1962)强调了妄想形成中的超我的退行。超我最初的严苛程度取决于父母权威的严苛程度，取决于病人自己的攻击冲动的投射，以及由于反复失望而产生的敌意。在退行的过程中，曾经构成自我理想的某些古老的内摄物又重新出现了;这些被投射到外部客体上，然后被赋予了超我曾经被赋予的所有攻击和施虐。妄想的迫害者因此呈现出原来属于父母内摄的可怕的、施虐的、贪婪的和生殖器的特征。被迫害妄想的作用在于，它允许一个被负罪感所折磨得无法忍受的人变得正义而愤怒，并以正当的自卫形式与施虐冲动作斗争。虽然关于偏执的见解的发展有一些进步的变化，对攻击历程有越来越多的强调，但正如我们所见,情况仍然如MacAlpine和Hunter(1953)抱怨所说，文献关注的都是确认弗洛伊德的提法，却找不到对他解释的公开批评。