PARANOID ELEMENTS 偏执元素 We have been discussing paranoia less in terms of its characteristics as a pathological state of mind and more in terms of its being a style of life experience and adaptation. It is a style of life experience which spans a wide spectrum of pathological states of mind of varying degrees of severity and distortion. The paranoid style represents a manner of construction of life experience and organization of reality which, from one point of view, permits a partial testing and validation of reality, but from another involves a distortion of reality testing. 我们一直在讨论偏执，从偏执作为一种心理的病理状态的角度，而不是从偏执作为一种生活体验和适应的风格的角度。它是一种生活体验的风格，涵盖了包含不同严重程度和扭曲程度的心理病理状态在内的广阔谱系。偏执风格代表了一种建构生活体验和现实组织的方式，从一个角度看，它允许对现实进行部分检验和验证，但从另一个角度来看，它又包含了对现实检验的扭曲。 From an adaptational perspective a paranoid state of mind can be looked on in terms of the organization of a system of coherent beliefs, which allows the patient to interpret his reality and organize it in such a way that it serves certain adaptive needs. We can examine, therefore, some of the elements of the paranoid style and examine the relationship between this manner of organizing one's interpretation of reality with other similar states of mental organization which serve both pathological and relatively normal needs. 从适应的角度来看，偏执的心理状态可以被看作是一个由一致的信念组成的系统的组织，它允许病人解释他的现实，并以一种满足特定适应需求的方式组织它。因此，我们可以研究偏执风格的一些元素，并研究这种组织一个人对现实解释的方式与其他心理组织类似状态之间的关系。这些心理组织既服务于病理需求，也服务于相对正常的需求。 The paranoid style, as we have seen, serves certain definite defensive purposes. Clinically, paranoid patients do not manifest any overt anxiety as such, or it is perhaps better to say that they manifest anxiety only when the paranoid defense begins to crumble. Searles has commented on this as follows: 正如我们所看到的，偏执风格服务于一定的防御目的。临床上，偏执患者并不会表现出任何明显的焦虑，或者更确切地说，只有当偏执型防御开始崩溃时，他们才会表现出焦虑。Searles对此的评论如下: One point I wish to make at the outset is that the paranoid individual seems rarely, if ever—except in states of panic—to feel anxiety as such. I have come to believe it pathognomonic of him that he experiences, instead, an awareness of various ingredients of his surroundings—or, less often, of things within his body—as being charged with sinister meanings, charged with malevolence toward himself(1965,p.465). 首先，我想指出的一点是，偏执者似乎很少感到焦虑，除非处于恐慌状态。相反，我开始相信，疾病导致他意识到他周围的各种成分——或者，更少时候，意识到他身体里的东西——被赋予了邪恶的含义，被赋予了对自己的恶意(1965年，第465页)。 Paranoid defenses, therefore, can be seen as defending against anxiety or, as we have seen in our previous discussion of the relationship between paranoia and depression, against depression. Thus the paranoid style and the elements that contribute to it can be conceptualized as operating in the service of specific defenses. 因此，偏执防御，可以被看作是对焦虑的防御，或者，正如我们之前讨论偏执和抑郁之间关系时所看到的，对抑郁的防御。因此，偏执风格及其相关元素可以被概念化为为特定防御服务的操作。