Displacement of Responsibility 责任的移置 One of the most characteristic features of the paranoid style is that it tends to displace responsibility from the self, and to place it on others. Thus the paranoid sees difficulties that he encounters, not in terms of internal conflicts or of inadequacies of his own person, but rather in terms of forces and influences that surround him. Instead of blaming himself, as the depressive patient might, the paranoid blames others for his unhappiness. This projective aspect of the paranoid style also has a defensive purpose in that it avoids self-blame, which is so painful and threatening to the paranoid personality; but it also serves adaptive ends, in that it avoids self-reproach and allows the patient to maintain a measure of self-esteem, and provides for his continuing self-justification. 偏执型风格最显著的特征之一是，它倾向于把责任从自我身上转移到他人身上。因此，当偏执者碰到困难时，他不会想是不是自己内部的冲突或自己的不足，而是从他周围的力量和影响中找原因。偏执者不像抑郁症患者那样责备自己，而是把自己的不快乐归咎于他人。偏执型人格投射的这一方面也有防御的目的，因为它能避免自责，这对偏执型人格是如此痛苦和威胁;但它也有适应的目的，因为它避免自我责备，允许病人保持一定程度的自尊，并为他提供持续的自我辩护。 The paranoid can thus absolve himself of feelings of guilt or inadequacy, and place the responsibility for pain, evil, or weakness on some other person or group of persons. While the elements of denial and projection are easily recognized in this maneuver, there is also the element of self-assurance that the way one behaves, the way one feels, the way one believes, is indeed the right, true, and good course that ultimately carries with it the assurances of rightness and truth. 因此，偏执狂可以免除自己的内疚感或不足感，并将痛苦，邪恶或软弱的责任置于其他人或一群人身上。 虽然拒绝和投射的元素在这种策略中很容易被认识到，但也有一种自我保证的元素，即一个人的行为方式，一个人所感受到的方式，一个人所认为的方式，确实是正确，真实和良好的过程。 最终带有正确和真理的保证。