Marijuana 大麻 Much the same situation obtains in the discussion of the relationship between marijuana and paranoid symptoms. However, in the case of marijuana, the intensity and the incidence of symptoms seem to be considerably reduced. There seems little doubt that marijuana has become a counter-culture symbol, but that its use is considerably more benign and less destructive than the more severely toxic drugs like amphetamines and LSD (Pillard, 1970; Hollister, 1971). However, at greater doses marijuana also has hallucinogenic effects, and in a small percentage of cases produces a psychotic state. 在讨论大麻与偏执症状之间的关系时，情况也大致相同。然而，就大麻而言，症状的强度和发生率似乎大大降低。毫无疑问大麻已经成为反文化的象征，但它的使用比安非他明和LSD等毒性更严重的药物要良性得多，破坏性更小，这一点似乎没有什么疑问（Pillard, 1970; Hollister, 1971）。然而，大剂量的大麻也有致幻作用，在一小部分情况下会产生精神病状态。 The symptomatology of cannabis-induced psychosis is subject to considerable variability (Bernhardson and Gunne, 1972), but paranoid manifestations are relatively frequent(Keup,1970; Talbott and Teague, 1969). In a series of twelve soldiers reported by Talbott and Teague(1969), ten of these men showed distinctly paranoid symptoms, including suspiciousness, referentiality, and delusions or hallucinations. They conclude that cannabis intoxication, as a causal or precipitating agent, should be considered in any case in which a young person presents with an acute toxic psychosis with paranoid features. The use of marijuana must generally be regarded as benign (Weil et al,1968), but it must be remembered that a significant percentage of marijuana smokers tend to experiment with other psychedelic drugs, and a small percentage have also been found to use addicting drugs such as heroin(Carlin and Post,1971; Siegel,1971). A distinction must be made between people who use only marijuana, and those who expose themselves to multiple drug use. The latter category tend to reveal significant psychiatric impairments; however, it is quite possible that personality variables predispose to the use of marijuana. Young people who use marijuana are likely to be moody, anxious, impulsive, and rebellious (Robbins et al.,1970; Harmatz et al,1972). When psychotic symptoms are associated with the use of marijuana, frequently enough they have a paranoid flavor to them. There may be both visual and auditory hallucinations with hypersensitivity to sound, often associated to marked suspiciousness and ideas of reference (Kolansky and Moore,1971). The cabnabis effect, however, is nowhere nearly as specific as other drugs we have considered. 大麻引起的精神病的症状有相当大的差异性（Bernhardson和Gunne，1972年），但偏执表现相对频繁（Keup，1970年；Talbott和Teague，1969年）。在Talbott和Teague(1969)报告的一系列12名士兵中，这些人中有10人表现出明显的偏执症状，包括可疑性、参照性和妄想或幻觉。他们的结论是，在年轻人出现具有偏执特征的急性中毒性精神病的任何情况下，都应考虑将大麻中毒作为一种诱因或诱发因素。大麻的使用通常必须被认为是良性的(Weil et al,1968)，但必须记住，相当比例的大麻吸食者倾向于尝试其他迷幻药物，而且还发现有一小部分人使用海洛因等成瘾性药物(Carlin and Post,1971；Siegel,1971)。必须区分只使用大麻的人和那些暴露于多种毒品使用的人。后一类人往往显示出显著的精神障碍；然而，很有可能是人格变量诱发了对大麻的使用。使用大麻的年轻人很可能情绪化、焦虑、冲动和叛逆（Robbins等人，1970年；Harmatz等人，1972年）。当精神症状与使用大麻有关时，经常会有偏执的味道。可能会出现视觉和听觉幻觉，对声音过度敏感，往往与明显的怀疑和牵连的想法有关（Kolansky和Moore，1971）。然而，大麻的效果远不如我们所考虑的其他药物那么具体。