Differentiation 分化 In a recent comparative study of the affective states of envy and jealousy, Spielman (1971) has described the elements common to the two states and some of the essential points which distinguish them. Envy is compounded by several elements. The first is emulation—a feeling based on a perception of excellence or admiration of the other person, along with the wish to equal or surpass that person with regard to the admired quality. It implies rivalry, but can also serve as a stimulus to development and/or defensive or adaptive management of feelings of anger and narcissistic injury. There is also in envy a narcissistic wound which is perhaps its most crucial aspect. The sense of lacking something is connected with feelings of inferiority, smallness, or diminished self-esteem. It may be associated with feelings of disappointment, mortification, or humiliation. There is also a longing for the desired possession or quality along with a feeling of anger atthe possessor of it. In its mildest forms this may be experienced as discontent or disappointment, but may be manifested as resentment or even, at more intense levels, as maliciousness, malevolence, hatred or a wish to harm the possessor. 在最近的一项关于羡慕和嫉妒的情感状态的比较研究中，Spielman(1971)描述了这两种状态的共同元素以及区分它们的一些基本要点。羡慕由几个因素组成。第一种是模仿——一种基于对他人优秀或钦佩的感觉，并希望在受人钦佩的品质方面赶上或超过那个人。它意味着竞争，但也可以作为对发展的刺激，和/或对愤怒和自恋伤害的感觉的防御性或适应性管理的刺激。在羡慕中也有一个自恋损伤，这也许是它最重要的方面。缺乏某种东西的感觉与自卑感、渺小感、缺乏自尊感有关。它可能与失望、屈辱或羞辱的感觉有关。人们还渴望拥有自己想要的东西或品质，并对拥有它的人感到愤怒。在其最温和的形式中，这可能被体验为不满或失望，但可能表现为怨恨，甚至在更强烈的程度上，表现为恶意、狠毒、仇恨或想要伤害拥有者。 With regard to jealousy, however,envy can be viewed as a partial component—so that most of the components of envy will also be found in jealousy. They will have a somewhat variable significance, nonetheless. Emulation will be relatively inconspicuous or absent in jealousy. The narcissistic wound is usually much the same, but anger is a much more consistent and often more intense component of jealousy than of envy. A frequent component of jealous states, that is not found in simple envy, is tension due to unconscious homosexuality. This is typically the case in situations of sexual jealousy, whereas homosexual fears may often be activated when heterosexual striving is somehow frustrated. The homosexual and heterosexual impulses are thus brought into conflict—with the homosexual impulse usually relatively unconscious. 然而，就嫉妒而言，羡慕可以被看作是一个部分组成部分，因此羡慕的大部分组成部分也会在嫉妒中找到。尽管如此，它们的重要性还是会有所不同。在嫉妒中，模仿会相对不显眼或不存在。自恋的创伤通常是相同的，但愤怒是嫉妒而不是羡慕中更持久、更强烈的组成部分。嫉妒状态有简单的羡慕中所没有的一个常见组成部分，是由于无意识的同性恋造成的紧张。这是典型的情况下的性嫉妒，而异性恋的努力在某种程度上受挫时，同性恋的恐惧可能经常被激活。因此，同性恋冲动和异性恋冲动就会相互冲突——同性恋冲动往往是相对无意识的。[最后同性恋、异性恋这几句我没看懂] The other aspect of states of jealousy not found in envy is a certain suspicion or mistrust,a paranoid trend which may be experienced on a broad continuum ranging from vague apprehensions, doubts, or feelings of uncertainty about the motivations of others to a level of intensity which may reach delusional proportions, involving strong convictions about the evil intent of other individuals. It is at this level that the continuity of states of envy, and particularly jealousy, with paranoid process becomes most obvious. 羡慕中有，嫉妒中没有的另一个方面是某种怀疑或不信任，这是一种偏执的趋势，可能在广泛的连续统一体中经历，从模糊的忧虑，怀疑或对他人动机的不确定感，到涉及对其他人的邪恶意图的强烈信念的妄想程度。 正是在这个层面上，羡慕特别是嫉妒的状态的持续，跟偏执过程变得最为明显。