Distribution 分布 What needs to be remembered is that envy and jealousy, particularly envy, are almost universal phenomena—and this is particularly so in our own highly competitive, status-conscious and materially oriented society. We are continually being presented with indices of status and personal worth, so that the challenge to inner security and self-esteem is a constantand recurrent one. It is rare that people accept the responsibility for what they are and where they fit in the social schema. One is much more likely to hear complaints about the convergence of circumstances, social conditions, a lack of the "breaks," or any other set of external circumstances which allow a person to absolve himself of the responsibility for his state and condition in life. This is readily understandable in that if one is dissatisfied with one's self and one's state in life, not to utilize blaming mechanisms is to leave oneself saddled with the burden of responsibility for one's own dissatisfaction—and this is an intolerable position. 需要记住的是，羡慕和嫉妒，尤其是羡慕，几乎是一种普遍现象——在我们这个高度竞争、注重地位和物质导向的社会中尤其如此。我们不断地收到地位和个人价值的指标，因此，对内心安全和自尊的挑战是一个不断出现的问题。人们很少会为自己是什么以及自己在社会模式中的位置承担责任。一个人更有可能听到关于环境、社会条件、缺乏“休息”或任何其他外部环境集合的抱怨，这些环境集合可以让一个人免除对自己的状态和生活条件的责任。这是很容易理解的，因为如果一个人对自己和自己的生活状态不满意，不利用指责机制就是让自己为自己的不满承担责任——这是一个无法容忍的立场。 Several points can be made about states of jealousy and envy. It is obvious that they are widespread in the population and, therefore, one prejudices their consideration by calling them pathological. They range in intensity from the common and everyday varieties that are often experienced in interpersonal relationships to the extremely distorted and intense varieties found in pathological states. They encompass the spectrum, therefore, from adaptive coping forms of mental process to more maladaptive and distorted processes in which reality testing is severely impaired. It should also be noted that there is usually an element of historical truth in the content of such convictions. The rationalizations of the envious or jealous person may enunciate a fact of life. In every life its patterning is determined by social, economic, and historical forces which are beyond the individual's control. But the states of mind we are describing evolve when the individual displaces responsibility from himself to these extrinsic forces, and thereby denies his own appropriate responsibility. Despite the fact that these phenomena are widely spread and that at more normal levels of operation they serve a relative coping function, they nonetheless carry the stamp of the pathological in that they involve a distortion of reality and reflect underlying narcissistic and aggressive conflicts which cannot be tolerated as such. 关于嫉妒和羡慕的状态有几点可以说明。很明显，它们在人群中普遍存在，因此，人们会偏见地认为它们是病态的。它们的强度范围从人际关系中经常经历的常见的日常变化到病理状态中发现的极度扭曲和强烈的变化。因此，它们涵盖了从心理过程的适应性应对形式到现实检验严重受损的更不适应和扭曲的过程。还应指出，这种信念的内容通常具有历史真实性。羡慕者或嫉妒者的合理化可以阐明生活中的一个事实。在每一个生命中，它的模式都是由个人无法控制的社会、经济和历史力量所决定的。但是，当个人把责任从他自己转移到这些外在的力量上，从而否定了他自己适当的责任时，我们所描述的精神状态就演变了。尽管这些现象广泛传播，并且在更正常的操作水平上它们具有相对的应对功能，但它们仍然带有病态印记，因为它们涉及现实的扭曲并反映潜在的自恋和侵略性冲突，这些冲突不可能是这样容忍的。