Dynamic Aspects 动力学方面 The first set of pathological states to be considered are the closely related states of jealousy and envy. Freud had touched on the question of pathological jealousy in the Schreber case, but had presented his more developed views on the subject in his now classic paper on "Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia, and Homosexuality"(Freud,1922). He distinguished between projected jealousy, which was derived from actual infidelity or impulses to infidelity, and delusional jealousies, which he related to repressed homosexual wishes. This classic formulation has been generally followed by psychoanalytic writers since Freud's time. However, Freud had also observed that states of jealousy were compounded of elements of grief, of a narcissistic wound, of feelings of enmity against the rival, and of a certain amount of self-criticism which held the subject accountable for his loss. 首先要考虑的病理状态是密切相关的嫉妒和羡慕状态。弗洛伊德在施雷伯案例中触及到病态嫉妒的问题，但在他现在的经典论文《嫉妒、偏执和同性恋中的一些神经症机制》(弗洛伊德，1922)中，提出了他对这个问题更为成熟的观点。他区分了两种嫉妒，一种是由实际的不忠或对不忠的冲动产生的投射性嫉妒，另一种是妄想性嫉妒，他将其与压抑的同性恋愿望联系起来。自弗洛伊德时代以来，精神分析作家们普遍遵循这一经典理论。然而，弗洛伊德也注意到，嫉妒的状态是由悲伤、自恋创伤、对对手的敌意以及一定程度的自我批评等因素构成的，而这些因素使主体对自己的失败负有责任。 Jones(1929) followed up Freud's formulation by relating feelings of jealousy to an inner sense of deficiency which was connected with a sense of self-dissatisfaction and self-criticism. This was felt to be related to unconscious guilt feelings which derived from Oedipal conflicts. The unconscious guilt created a deficit in self-love, in self-esteem and self-respect, and left the jealous person extremely sensitive to criticism and with an excessive need for approval or recognition. Fenichel's(1945) treatment of jealousy also follows basically Freudian lines, but he too points to the element of ambivalence in the object-relations of jealous persons and underlines the components of depression, aggressiveness, and envy which reveal the jealous person's peculiar intolerance for loss of love. He comments that the fear of loss of love is extremely intense in personalities for whom such a loss means a diminution of self-esteem. A similar drift was identifiable in Riviere's (1932) analysis of a case of morbid jealousy in which she felt that the projection of infidelity was not sufficient to explain the patient's symptoms. The symptoms of flirtation and jealousy were rather related to oral-erotic and oral-sadistic fantasies of robbery and spoliation. What passed for infidelity and jealousy according to Riviere were really attempts to rationalize the unconsious fantasies by genitalizing them. Jones(1929)继承了弗洛伊德的理论，将嫉妒的感觉与内在的缺陷感联系起来，这种缺陷感与自我不满和自我批评的感觉有关。这被认为与源于俄狄浦斯冲突的无意识内疚感有关。无意识的内疚感会导致自爱、自尊和自重的缺失，让嫉妒的人对批评极其敏感，极度需要得到赞成或认可。Fenichel(1945)对嫉妒的处理也基本上遵循弗洛伊德的路线，但他也指出了嫉妒者客体关系中的矛盾因素，并强调了抑郁、攻击性和羡慕的成分，这些成分揭示了嫉妒者对失去爱的特殊的不宽容。他评论说，对某些人格来说，对失去爱的恐惧是极其强烈的，对他们来说，失去爱意味着自尊的降低。里维埃(1932)分析了一个病态嫉妒的案例，她认为对不忠的投射不足以解释患者的症状。调情和嫉妒的症状与口欲和口虐幻想中的抢劫有关。根据里维埃的说法，所谓的不忠和嫉妒实际上是试图通过赋予这些无意识的幻想以生殖器化，使其合理化。 Early attempts were made to link envy as a character trait with instinctual development. Abraham (1954) had pointed out the relation between envy and aggression. Envy involved hostility against the envied person along with an impulse to deprive him of the envied possession. Envy is closely related to character traits which involve attitudes of possessiveness and proprietorship. Glover(1956) linked envy with impatience and ambition as oral traits. He contrasted the optimism derived from oral gratification withthe pessimism derived from oral frustration. The latter individuals show extreme hostility in response to neglect together with the tendency to carry a grudge. Tied to these feelings there is a sense of injustice, competitiveness, an unwillingness to share, and feelings of acute envy. He was careful to add, however, that the oral aspects of such characteristics are caught up in broader issues of giving, keeping and getting that involve overlapping levels of psychosexual development. 早期的研究试图将羡慕作为一种性格特征与本能发展联系起来。亚伯拉罕(1954)指出了羡慕和侵略之间的关系。羡慕包括对被羡慕者的敌意，以及想要剥夺他所拥有的东西的冲动。羡慕与性格特征密切相关，包括对占有欲和所有权的态度。格洛弗(1956)将羡慕与不耐烦和野心联系起来作为口欲特征。他将来自口满足的乐观主义与来自口挫折的悲观主义进行了对比。后者对忽视表现出极端的敌意，并有带着一种怨恨的倾向。与这些感觉联系在一起的是一种不公平、竞争、不愿分享和强烈羡慕的感觉。然而，他谨慎地补充说，这些特征的口欲方面涉及到更广泛的问题，包括给予、保持和获得，这涉及到性心理发展的重叠层次。 The view of envy and jealousy that has had a very considerable influence on psychoanalytic thinking has been that of Melanie Klein. In her work on Envy and Gratitude (1957), she more or less equated envy with basically sadistic impulses which she saw as operative from the very beginning of life. She described envy as an angry feeling that another person possesses and enjoys something desired—the envious impulse being to take it away or spoil it. She regards envy not as a feeling state or as a character trait that undergoes a course of development, but rather as a given motivating force in human behavior. She makes it the motive force for the infant's sadistic wishes and fantasies, and destructive impulses against the mother's breast in the first months of life. While Klein's formulations have had considerable impact, they have served as a stimulus to closer examination of envy and jealousy as affective states, rather than as accepted theoretical positions. As Joffe(1969) has recently pointed out, the Kleinian view bypasses the essential process of development and ignores the fact that envy and jealousy are object-directed affects or attitudes which require a more or less constant and reasonably well-established self-object differentiation before they can acquire any of their enduring characteristics. 羡慕和嫉妒对精神分析思维有很大影响的观点是梅勒妮·克莱因的观点。在她关于嫉羡和感恩的著作中(1957年)，她或多或少地把嫉羡与基本的施虐冲动等同起来，她认为这种冲动从生命一开始就起作用。她把嫉羡描述为一种愤怒的感觉，认为另一个人拥有并享受着他所渴望的东西——嫉羡的冲动是把它拿走或毁掉。她认为嫉羡不是一种情感状态，也不是一种要经历发展过程的性格特征，而是人类行为中的一种给定的推动力。她把它作为婴儿虐待的愿望和幻想的动力，以及在生命的最初几个月里对母亲乳房的破坏性冲动。虽然克莱因的说法曾有相当大的影响，但它们不是公认的理论立场，而应作为一个刺激，以更仔细地检查羡慕和嫉妒作为情感状态。像约菲(1969)最近指出的那样,克莱因理论的观点绕过发展的重要过程,忽视了一个事实:羡慕和嫉妒是客体导向的感情或态度，在它们可以获得任何持久的特点之前，需要或多或少不变和相当程度已经建立起来的自体-客体分化。 More recently, Pao(1969) has related the development of the jealous state to recurrent losses, which serve as cumulative traumata with the development of inner conflicts of regression with which the patient was unable to deal. The patient exploited the primitive defenses of projection and denial to avoid the experience of grief and aggressivity. While there were homosexual elements present in the case, the author notes that the symptom of pathological jealousy could not be related to the intensification of homosexual impulses but rather seemed to be related to conflicts involving aggression and narcissism. He concludes that: 最近，Pao（1969）将嫉妒状态的发展与经常性损失联系起来，这种损失随着患者无法应对的内部消退冲突的发展而成为累积创伤。病人利用投射和否认的原始防御来避免悲伤和攻击性的体验。虽然案例中存在同性恋因素，但作者注意到病态嫉妒的症状与同性恋冲动的增强无关，而似乎与攻击性和自恋的冲突有关。他的结论是: Pathological jealousy could best be understood as a persistent ego state, capable of being instituted by conflicts over homosexual and oral-sadistic impulses, and by other conflicts as well, including those surrounding grief and narcissism. From this point of view, divergent explanations of pathological jealousy, as expressed in the literature, became complementary (1969,p.637). 病态的嫉妒最好被理解为一种持久的自我状态，它能够通过对同性恋和口头虐待冲动的冲突，以及其他冲突，包括那些围绕着悲伤和自恋的冲突来建立。从这个观点来看，对病态嫉妒的不同解释，如文献所述，成为互补的(1969,p.637)。 The general shift in the literature from Oedipal to pre-Oedipal considerations and from sexual to aggressive and narcissistic issues was influenced to a considerable degree by the contributions of Sullivan. While envy and jealousy are obviously closely related states, Sullivan insisted on their differentiation. He felt that they were not only different affective states, but he related envy to a context involving two persons, while jealousy was related to contexts involving three or more persons(Sullivan,1953b). 文献从俄狄浦斯期到前俄狄浦斯期的普遍转变，从性向攻击性和自恋的转变，在很大程度上受到了沙利文贡献的影响。虽然羡慕和嫉妒显然是密切相关的状态，沙利文坚持他们的区别。他认为这不仅是两种不同的情感状态，而且他将羡慕与涉及两个人的情境联系起来，而嫉妒与涉及三个或三个以上的人的情境联系起来(Sullivan,1953b)。 Sullivan felt that the envious personality was marked by a deficiency in what he called the self-system. He commented that the person who is successful in achieving security is not made uncomfortable by the discovery that other people have greater marks of prestige or ability than his own. But the envious person has a need to have more than he has, or more than someone else has. Sullivan felt that such individuals have learned to appraise themselves as unsatisfactory and as inadequate human beings. He pointed out that in the history of an envious person, in all cases, either the parental attitude had reinforced the impression that the patient simply did not rate or the parents had set excessively high goals which the patient was never able to attain. Thus he is always caught in the position of having to prove his adequacy. 沙利文认为羡慕型人格的特点是他所谓的自我系统的缺陷。他评论说，成功获得安全感的人不会因为发现别人比自己更有声望或能力而感到不安。但是羡慕的人需要比他拥有的更多，或者比别人拥有的更多。沙利文认为，这些人已经学会了把自己评价为不令人满意和不称职的人。他指出，在羡慕者的历史中，在所有的案例中，要么是父母的态度强化了这样一种印象，即患者根本没有得到评价，要么是父母设定了过高的目标，而患者永远无法达到。因此，他总是被困在必须证明自己足够好的位置。 Jealousy, however, is a matter of the inability to obtain complete intimacy with another human being. The insecurities based on unfortunate early life experiences make the jealous person incapable of intimacy, and when two other persons who are involved with himself, become more intimately involved with each other, the dynamism of jealousy can take over. This incapacity in the jealous person is related to a defect in the self, which Sullivan describes by saying that "the person has grown into his present position in life with a deep, however unwelcome, conviction of relative unworthiness" (Sullivan,1956,p.141). 然而，嫉妒是指无法与另一个人获得完全的亲密关系。由于早年不幸的生活经历而产生的不安全感，使得爱嫉妒的人无法亲近，而当两个与自己有关系的人变得更亲密时，嫉妒的动力就会取而代之。嫉妒者的这种无能为力与自我的缺陷有关，沙利文这样描述:“这个人已经成长到他目前的生活地位，带着一种深深的(然而时令人讨厌的)相对无价值的信念”(沙利文，1956年，第141页)。