Vengeance 复仇 it is interesting to note the close relationship between the affective states of envy and jealousy with the psychodynamics of grudges. The holding of grudges or the seeking of vengeance has been little studied by psychoanalysts, but a recent paper by Wixen (1971) has examined the subject. A grudge is a state of resentment or ill will that has certain consistent characteristics—there is often a close positive relationship between the persons involved. The intense degree of hatred or resentment generated is often out of proportion to the wrong committed or thought to have been committed. The individual who holds a grudge often feels pressured to defend or publicize or even elaborate the misdeed. The thought content is often of a distinctly paranoid quality—along with a tendency to phobically avoid any object of the grudge. Moreover the grudge holder seems to often have a rigid ego-ideal and a strong need for external narcissistic gratifications. In the content of the grudge there is often the feeling that a narcissistic injury has been sustained. The injury, whether real or imagined, is an injury to self-esteem and is often interpreted as a humiliation. The intense cathexis involved in "nursing a grudge" usually can be seen as derived from hidden libidinal elements related to a past history of close friendship with the object of the grudge. 有趣的是，羡慕和嫉妒的情感状态与怨恨的心理动力之间有着密切的关系。心理分析学家很少对怀恨或寻求复仇进行研究，但最近Wixen(1971)的一篇论文研究了这一主题。怨恨是一种愤恨或恶意的状态，具有一定的一致性特征——通常在相关的人之间有着密切的积极的关系。所产生的强烈仇恨或愤恨往往与所犯的错误或认为所犯的错误不成比例。怀恨在心的人常常感到有压力，要为错误行为辩护、公开甚至是详细说明。思想内容往往带有明显的偏执性质，并倾向于恐惧地回避任何怨恨的对象。此外，怀恨在心的人似乎往往有一个严格的自我理想和强烈的外部自恋满足的需要。在怨恨的内容中，常常有一种自恋的伤害已经持续的感觉。这种伤害，无论是真实的还是想象的，都是对自尊的伤害，通常被解释为一种羞辱。“怀恨在心”中所涉及的强烈的精神投入，通常可以被看作是源于隐藏的力比多因素，这些因素与过去与怀恨对象的亲密友谊有关。 On a more intense, and often more destructive, level, the psychology of vengeance seems to be continuous with the psychodynamics of grudges and affective states of envy and jealousy. Vengeance is a complex state which may be associated with pain and rage secondary to loss—and can be regarded as a response to an underlying depressive state. The psychology of vengeance has been discussed with considerable insight by Socarides(1966). The vengeful person is unforgiving, remorseless, ruthless, and inflexible. His revenge is single-minded and unswerving. He lives with a single-minded desire to "get even." He seeks revenge against all odds and no matter whatthe cost—and he experiences no guilt, no concern for the possible moral or other consequences of his contemplated revenge. 在一个更强烈、往往更具破坏性的层面上，复仇心理似乎与怨恨的心理动力以及羡慕和嫉妒的情感状态是连续的。复仇是一种复杂的状态，它可能与损失之后的痛苦和愤怒有关，也可以被看作是对潜在抑郁状态的一种反应。索卡里德斯(1966)对复仇心理进行了相当深入的探讨。复仇心强的人是不宽恕的、残酷的、无情的、顽固的。他的复仇是一心一意的，坚定不移的。他一心只想“报复”。他不顾一切，不计代价地寻求报复——他没有任何罪恶感，也不担心他的报复可能带来的道德或其他后果。 The individual may imagine that many wrongs are being worked against him and his thinking may have a definite paranoid coloring. He screens all incoming stimuli which might contradict or alter his state of mind. He often feeds his vengefulness by imaginings or fantasies of previous injuries which have been directed against him. Vengeful individuals very often identify with powerful or creative figures; these figures are also deeply envied. Often a superego figure, on whom strong feelings of envy have been projected, becomes the likely choice for vengeful urges: the figure is seen as particularly persecutory, as one who interferes with or tries to direct or control the patient's thought processes, who undercuts and destroys his sense of well-being and sense of self-adequacy. 一个人可能会认为许多冤屈都是针对他的，他的想法可能带有明显的偏执色彩。他屏蔽所有可能与他的精神状态相矛盾或改变他精神状态的外来刺激。他经常通过想象或幻想以前受到的伤害来满足自己的报复心理。复仇的人经常认同强大或有创造力的人物; 这些人物也令人深感羡慕。常常一个超我形象(他强烈的羡慕被投射到这个形象身上)变成了复仇冲动的可能选择:这个形象被认为是特别迫害的，因为他干预或试图指导或控制病人的思维过程，削弱和破坏他的幸福感和自我充分感。 Socarides speculates that this aspect of the vengeance syndrome may underlie the apparently enigmatic assassination of important or powerful political figures. The aim of vengeance is to destroy the envied and feared superego figure which is seen unconsciously as a depriving and persecutory force. Similarly the violent outbursts and homicidal acts are often associated with motives of vengeance—the incidence of intolerable vengeful feelings, secondary to feelings of morbid jealousy or fear of infidelity, as concomitants to homicidal outbursts has already been noted. 索卡里德斯推测，复仇综合症的这一方面可能是暗杀重要或有权势的政治人物的神秘原因。复仇的目的是摧毁被羡慕和恐惧的超我形象，它在无意识中被视为一种剥夺和迫害的力量。同样地，暴力爆发和杀人行为常常与复仇动机相关联——与激情杀人相伴随的无法忍受的复仇情绪的发生(仅次于病态的嫉妒或对不忠的恐惧)已经被注意到。 The resort of the threatened ego to vengeful feelings reflects the underlying unconscious infantile fears, and the feelings of inferiority, weakness, and smallness. Typically vengeful individuals tend to screen out the fear aspect of the underlying affective state and compensate with fantasies or attempts to demonstrate capacity and strength. In these cases the absence of any conscious restraint or the absence of any guilt is a striking aspect of the phenomenon. This allows the expression of instinctual aims, particularly those of aggression. Superego demands may be partially met by the punishment of someone beyond the subject, namely the imagined offender. On the unconscious level, however, the intense guilt feelings remain, and must remain repressed or the individual is subject to severe depression. At the deepest levels there remains the guiltful conviction that relates to destructive impulses toward the good and loving objects involved in primitive impulses of envy. 受到威胁的自我诉诸报复性情感，反映了潜在的婴儿时期的无意识恐惧，以及自卑、软弱和渺小的感觉。典型的复仇心理倾向于屏蔽潜在情感状态中的恐惧因素，并用幻想或试图展示能力和力量来弥补。在这些情况下，没有任何有意识的约束或没有任何罪恶感是这种现象的一个显著方面。这允许表达本能的目标，特别是那些侵略。超我的要求可能部分地通过对主体之外的人的惩罚来满足，即假想的犯罪者。然而，在无意识的层面上，强烈的内疚感仍然存在，而且必须保持被压抑的状态，否则这个人就会患上严重的抑郁症。在最深处，仍然存在着一种负罪感，这种负罪感与原始的嫉羡冲动所涉及的对美好和爱的客体的破坏性冲动有关。 The similarities between vengeance and paranoid conditions are also striking. Under both circumstances there is a marked superego regression (Hesselbach,1962) with the concomitant projection of guilt. The characteristics of the vengeful state are remarkably similar to those we have been able to describe in conjunction with the paranoid process. It is noteworthy that in Socarides' attempts to differentiate these respective states, the points of differentiation which he offers are between states of vengefulness and psychotic states of paranoia. The point of our argument here, of course, is that the paranoid process can operate in a wide range of less than psychotic, and even normal, states. 复仇心理和偏执心理之间的相似之处也很惊人。在这两种情况下，都有一个明显的超我回归(赫塞尔巴赫，1962)，伴随着罪恶感的投射。复仇状态的特征与我们在偏执过程中所描述的特征非常相似。值得注意的是，在索卡里德斯试图区分这些不同的状态时，他提出的区分点是复仇状态和偏执的精神病状态。当然，我们这里的论点是，偏执的过程可以在许多不那么精神病的，甚至是正常的状态下运作。