Prejudice and Group Values 偏见与群体价值观 One of the important aspects of prejudicial thinking is its role in establishing and maintaining a psychological sense of group membership. The importance of the individual's social and cultural interaction and his participation in and membership in a variety of social groups and institutions has been underlined as having considerable significance for the development of the individual's sense of social identification and his development of and maintenance of a sense of identity. Erikson's (1963) work particularly has brought many aspects of this developmental interface into focus. The individual identifies himself by reason of his relationships to various group structures and in turn receives a sense of his own social existence by reason of the group's recognition and response. Membership in the ingroup provides an individual with a sense of belonging, of sharing, of having a generational and individual history which establishes and secures his identity. Allport writes: 偏见性思维的一个重要方面是它在建立和维持群体成员的心理意识方面的作用。个人的社会和文化互动以及他对各种社会团体和机构的参与和成员资格的重要性，已被强调为对个人的社会认同感的发展 以及 他的认同感的发展和维持具有相当大的意义。特别是埃里克森(Erikson，1963)的工作使这一发展界面的许多方面成为焦点。个体因其与各种群体结构的关系而认同自己，又因群体的认可和回应而获得自己的社会存在感。群体内的成员身份为个体提供了一种归属感、分享感，拥有代际和个体的历史，从而确立和保障了他的身份。阿勒波特写道。 There is one law—universal in all human societies—that assists us in making an important prediction. In every society on earth the child is regarded as a member of his parents' groups. He belongs to the same race, stock, family tradition, religion, caste, and occupational status. To be sure, in our society he may when he grows older escape certain of these memberships, but not all. The child is ordinarily expected to acquire his parents' loyalties and prejudices; and if the parent because of his group membership is an object of prejudice, the child too is automatically victimized (1958, p.30). 有一条法律——在所有人类社会中普遍存在——帮助我们作出重要的预测。在地球上的每一个社会中，儿童都被视为其父母群体中的一员。他属于同样的种族、血统、家庭传统、宗教、种姓和职业地位。可以肯定的是，在我们的社会中，当他长大后，他可能会摆脱其中的某些成员身份，但不是全部。人们通常期望儿童获得父母的忠诚和偏见；如果父母因其群体成员身份而成为偏见的对象，儿童也会自动成为受害者(1958年，第30页)。 Placing a high premium, therefore, on ingroup standards and behavior is of considerable value and importance in psychological adjustment. The prejudicial attitude maintains that valuation of the ingroup by a devaluation and a rejection of the outgroup. His ingroup membership, adopting the group and its values as a main anchorage in the regulation of his experience and behavior, is reinforced by creating an attitude of hostility and suspicion toward outgroups. Such a hostile attitude toward groups in which the individual does not hold membership and with which he has no sense of affiliation tends to intensify his sense of cohesion to his own ingroup constellation. Hence prejudice, from the point of view of the interaction between groups, must be seen as divisive, destructive, and exclusive; nonetheless when seen from the perspective of the ingroup cohesion and solidarity, prejudice can have a constructive and socially reinforcing dimension. 因此，对群体内标准和行为给予高度评价，对心理调整具有相当大的价值和重要性。偏见态度通过对群体外的贬低和排斥，维系着对群体内的高评价。他的群体成员身份，把群体及其价值作为调节他的经验和行为的主要寄托，通过对外群体产生敌视和怀疑的态度来强化。个体这种 对其不具备成员资格、没有归属感的群体 的敌视态度，往往会强化他对自己的群体内格局的凝聚感。因此，从群体间互动的角度来看，偏见必须被看作是分裂性、破坏性和排他性的；然而，如果从群体内聚力和团结的角度来看，偏见可以具有建设性和社会强化的一面。 Often ingroup valuation and solidarity and sense of belonging are reinforced in a paranoidlike fashion by the use of projective mechanisms, by reason of which hostile and devaluing qualities are ascribed to outgroups, and outgroup members. If the distortions and hostile qualities ascribed to outgroups were of any validity, the individual's membership in the ingroup would necessarily achieve added importance for the security and stability of the ingroup member. 群体内的价值、团结和归属感往往通过使用投射机制以偏执的方式得到加强，由于这种机制，人们将敌意和贬低的品质归于外群体和外群体成员。如果赋予外群体的扭曲和敌意品质有任何有效性，那么个人在内群体中的成员身份必然会对内群体成员的安全和稳定产生额外的重要性。 Allport (1958) notes in passing that an important aspect of group membership is sharing in the values of the group. Personal values are indeed intimate and important aspects of personality functioning, since they are the guidelines by reason of which we carry out our lives. The necessity to sustain and support such values can often lead to the development of prejudices. The maintenance of personal values is subjected to the same pressures as the maintenance of group membership. We shall return to the question of values later on. Allport(1958)顺便指出，群体成员的一个重要方面是分享群体的价值观。个人价值观确实是人格运作的亲密和重要方面，因为它们是我们据以开展生活的准则。维持和支持这种价值观的必要性往往会导致偏见的发展。维护个人价值观与维护群体成员资格一样，都要承受同样的压力。我们稍后再谈价值观问题。 The phenomenon of prejudice obviously has large and important social implications. Prejudice has undoubtedly had an extremely important role in contributing to many aspects of the structure of contemporary society and to the creation of many of the most significant social problems of our contemporary era. The organization and structure of society are significantly influenced by mechanisms of introjection of, and identification with, ingroup elements, and the corresponding projection which leads to division and exclusion, pertaining to outgroups. The operation of prejudicial and paranoid mechanisms and the pressures toward ingroup valuation and the corresponding devaluation and rejection of outgroups has been traced by Pinderhughes (1969) in reference to racial segregation and the civil rights movement. He writes: 偏见现象显然有着巨大而重要的社会影响。偏见无疑对当代社会结构的许多方面和当代许多最重要的社会问题的产生起了极其重要的作用。社会的组织和结构 在很大程度上受到 对群体内因素的 内摄和认同机制的影响，以及相应的投射机制的影响，这种投射机制导致了与外群体有关的分裂和排斥。Pinderhughes(1969)在提到种族隔离和民权运动时，追溯了偏见和偏执机制的运作，以及对群体内高评价的压力和对群体外价值的相应贬低和排斥。他写道： Since repressed impulses are those which tend to be projected, and since all groups encourage in their members repression of impulses which threaten the group, these group-threatening motivations are commonly projected upon other groups. It is predictable, therefore, that members of different groups will impute to one another the same or similar threatening motivations. These group-related paranoid processes have not been considered pathological by psychiatrists. However, they are responsible for such extensive intrapsychic, interpersonal, and intergroup conflict, for so many misunderstandings, acts of violence, and deaths on a massive scale that psychiatrists may come to identify them as the most serious pathogenic factors in our era (pp.1553-1554). 由于被压抑的冲动是那些倾向于被投射的冲动，而且由于所有群体都鼓励其成员压抑威胁群体的冲动，这些威胁群体的动机通常被投射到其他群体身上。因此，可以预见，不同群体的成员会相互归罪对方相同或相似的威胁动机。这些与群体相关的偏执过程，并未被精神科医师认为是病态的。然而，它们造成如此广泛的心理内、人际和群体间的冲突，造成如此多的误解、暴力行为和大规模的死亡，以至于精神科医师可能会把它们认定为我们这个时代最严重的致病因素(pp.1553-1554)。 There is no doubt that the complex of factors which determine and maintain prejudicial attitudes is complex and difficult. It involves not only psychological but social, cultural, economic, religious, and many other factors. It also cannot be denied that the maintenance of group structures and the variety and variation among groups of different cultural, racial, national, and ethnic origins is not only deeply and historically embedded in the fabric of our society, but it also serves many positive, constructive functions in the stabilization of social order. Group differences, therefore, are not only embedded in the structure of society but they serve important constructive and stabilizing functions. The ultimate question that needs to be answered in approaching the problems of prejudice is whether ingroup membership and ingroup support can be maintained without the necessity of outgroup devaluation and exclusion with their accompaniments of hostile projection and phobic defenses. This may in fact be merely restating at a level of social process the basic therapeutic problem of paranoia. 毫无疑问，那些决定和维持偏见态度的因素是复杂而困难的。它不仅涉及心理因素，而且还涉及社会、文化、经济、宗教和许多其他因素。同样不可否认的是，群体结构的维系，以及不同文化、种族、民族、人种群体之间的多样性和差异性，不仅深深地、历史地植根于我们的社会组织之中，而且在稳定社会秩序方面发挥着许多积极的、建设性的功能。因此，群体差异不仅蕴含在社会结构中，而且具有重要的建设性和稳定功能。在对待偏见的问题上，需要回答的最终问题是，是否可以在不需要外群体贬低和排斥的情况下(伴随着敌意投射和恐惧症防御)，维持群体内成员和群体内支持。这其实可能只是在社会过程的层面上重述了偏执症的基本治疗问题。