The Nature of Prejudice 偏见的本质 Allport defines prejudice as "an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group as a whole, or toward an individual because he is a member of that group"(1958,p.10). The definition condenses a number of important elements of prejudice which underline its relationship to paranoid states. First of all, it is an antipathy, suggesting that it is impregnated with fear and anger and that the hostility and rejection that it generates are being used in the service of unconscious defensive needs. The degree of antipathy and its expression in meaningful action can be quite varied. The expression of prejudicial attitudes and beliefs is perhaps the least harmful and most common expression of prejudice. If an individual's prejudice is more intense, he may actively avoid members of the group against which his prejudice is directed. At a more active level the prejudiced person may undertake acts of discrimination of various sorts—whether it be in relationship to employment, restriction from residential housing, limitation of political rights, discrimination in education and recreational opportunities, or exclusion of the prejudged group from other forms of social privilege. 奥尔波特将偏见定义为“一种基于错误且僵化的概括的反感。它可以被感觉到或表达出来。它可能指向一个群体作为一个整体，或指向一个人，因为他是该群体的成员”(1958年，第10页)。该定义浓缩了若干重要的偏见因素，这些因素强调了偏见与偏执状态之间的关系。首先，它是一种反感，表明它充满了恐惧和愤怒，它所产生的敌意和排斥正被用于服务于无意识的防御需求。在有意义的行为中，反感的程度和表现形式可以是多种多样的。偏见的态度和信仰的表达可能是最无害和最常见的偏见的表达。如果一个人的偏见更强烈，他可能会主动避开他的偏见所针对的群体成员。偏见的人可能会在更积极的层面进行各种歧视行为——无论是在与就业的关系,还是住房限制,限制政治权利,歧视在教育和休闲机会,或把被偏见群体排斥其他形式的社会特权之外。 Segregation in the United States has been a politically sanctioned and institutionalized form of discrimination which has been frequently enforcedeither legally or by local custom. The antipathy and prejudice can even lead to acts of violence. The number of examples of this in the United States has been steadily increasing. And finally, at the most appalling and sickening extreme, prejudicial attitudes can lead to wholesale extermination of groups of people against which the prejudice is directed—the historical record of pogroms and massacres and the hideous episode of Nazi concentration camps and extermination of the Jews come readily to mind. 在美国，种族隔离是一种受到政治制裁和制度化的歧视形式，经常受到法律或当地习俗的强制执行。这种反感和偏见甚至会导致暴力行为。在美国，这样的例子一直在稳步增加。最后，在最令人震惊和恶心的极端，偏见的态度可以导致对偏见所指向的群体的大规模的种族灭绝的——大屠杀历史记录和纳粹集中营和灭绝犹太人的可怕插曲很容易想到。 The antipathy, moreover, is based upon faulty judgment which has been strongly influenced by psychological factors. Such judgments can be either judgments of fact or of value. One can entertain the belief, for example, that blacks are lazy and stupid, and one can attach to this a negative evaluation of these characteristics. Thus psychological factors can create a distorted picture of the object of prejudice, or it can alter the subject's evaluation of the qualities that he sees in the disliked object. Such prejudicial devaluations often are based upon underlying projections in which attributes of the subject's own personality are denied and projected onto the object of prejudice. Money-Kyrle(1960) has pointed out that the probable nature of such prejudices can be inferred from the nature of the subject's superego and ego-ideal. Individuals, for example, who hold intelligence as part of their ideal may tend to look on blacks as stupid in an unconscious attempt to minimize their own feelings of intellectual inadequacy and bolster the ideal. 此外，这种反感是基于错误的判断，而错误的判断受到心理因素的强烈影响。这种判断可以是事实判断，也可以是价值判断。例如，我们可以相信黑人是懒惰和愚蠢的，我们可以对这些特征进行负面评价。因此，心理因素可以造成偏见对象的扭曲形象，也可以改变主体对他在不喜欢的对象身上看到的品质的评价。这种偏见性的贬低往往是基于潜在的投射，在这种投射中，主体的个性属性被否定，投射到偏见的对象身上。Money-Kyrle(1960)指出，这种偏见的可能性质可以从主体的超我和自我理想的性质中推断出来。例如，把智力作为自己理想的一部分的个人，可能会无意识地认为黑人是愚蠢的，试图将自己的智力不足感降到最低，从而支持自己的理想。