Origin 起源 The authoritarian personality is one of those characterological classifications which enjoys widespread occurrence, and can only be called pathological at the risk of diluting the significance of that term. It also lies very close to prejudice, both in its conceptual origins and in its practice. One of the roots of the concept of the authoritarian personality was Jaensch's (1938) study of anti-Semitism in the Nazi era. 专制人格是一种广泛存在的特征分类，只有在可能冲淡专制意义的情况下才能被称为病态。它在概念起源和实践上也非常接近偏见。专制人格概念的根源之一是扬施(1938)对纳粹时期反犹太主义的研究。 After the war, this line of work was extended in the massive study at the University of California (Adorno et al,1950), which based the concept of the authoritarian personality on the covariance of a wide variety of test data. These studies evolved a single test measure to identify the constellation of characteristics, which seemed to correspond to the authoritarian personality—this measure is now known as the F-scale (F for "fascism"). 战后，加州大学的大规模研究(Adorno et al,1950)扩展了这一工作路线，该研究基于多种测试数据的协方差来定义专制人格。这些研究发展出一种单一的测试方法来识别特征的集合，这似乎与专制的个性相对应——这种方法现在被称为F量表(F代表“法西斯主义”)。 These studies characterize the authoritarian personality as tending to be conventional, that is, rigidly adhering to conventional middle-class values; as tending to have a submissive, uncritical attitude toward idealized moral authorities in the group; as tending to be extremely sensitive to those who violate conventional values; and as adopting excessively punitive responses toward such violations; as tending to be less subjectively or imaginatively oriented; as tending to believe in somewhat mystical determinance of individual fate and of thinking in more or less rigid categories—an overall tendency toward superstition and stereotypical thinking; as being preoccupied with issues of control, power-submission, strength-weakness, and as having a strong tendency to identify with figures who are seen as powerful and influential. These people are also seen as having a generalized hostile attitude of destructiveness and cynicism, and as tending to depend strongly on the use of projection as a mechanism of defense. Thus they constantly deal with the environment as though it were hostile and threatening, and maintain the belief that unless control and rigid organization are maintained, dreadful or destructive consequences would ensue. 这些研究将专制人格描述为趋于传统，即严格坚持传统的中产阶级价值观;对群体中理想化的道德权威倾向于顺从、不加批判的态度;对违反传统价值观的人极为敏感;对这种违法行为采取过分的惩罚措施;倾向于较少的主观或想象导向;倾向于相信某种神秘的决定个人命运的东西，或多或少有些死板的思维方式——一种迷信和刻板思维的总体倾向;专注于控制、权力服从、优势与劣势的问题，并倾向于认同那些被视为强大而有影响力的人物。这些人也被认为具有普遍的破坏性和愤世嫉俗的敌对态度，并倾向于强烈依赖对投射这种防御机制的使用。因此，他们不断地把环境当作是敌对和有威胁的，并坚持认为，除非保持控制和严格的组织，否则将会产生可怕或破坏性的后果。 The other major root of the consideration of the authoritarian personality is the work of Erich Fromm, which also derived from the Nazi experience(Fromm,1941). Fromm stressed the sadomasochistic aspects of the authoritarian character and pointed out that the authoritarian tended to place himself in a position of dependence on powers outside of himself, whether the source of power be other people, institutions, or even the powers of nature. Along with masochistic tendencies, there were also more sadistic tendencies which strove to make others dependent on oneself, to have absolute power and control over others, and to rule them in such a way as to exploit them for one's own interest. Fromm characterized this attitude as "I rule you because I know what is best for you." This apparent strength or power can be maintained only by reason of the submission of weak persons around it. Such a balance of domination and submission often wears the face of love, but such love does not dominate the lives of others out of concern and care of them, but rather it has concern only because it can dominate them. The authoritarian need for power, therefore, is paradoxically rooted not in strength but in weakness. 考虑专制人格的另一个主要根源是Erich Fromm的著作，他的著作也源自纳粹的经历(Fromm, 1941)。Fromm强调了专制性格中施虐受虐的一面，并指出专制者倾向于将自己置于依赖于自身之外的权力的地位，无论权力的来源是他人、机构，甚至是自然的权力。除了受虐倾向外，还有更多的施虐倾向，他们努力使他人依赖自己，拥有绝对的权力和控制他人，并以一种为了自己利益而剥削他人的方式来统治他人。Fromm将这种态度描述为“我统治你，因为我知道什么对你最好。”这种明显的力量或权力只能通过周围软弱的人的服从来维持。这样一种支配与顺从的平衡常常带着爱的面孔，但这种爱并不是出于对他人的关心和照顾而主宰他人的生活，而是因为它能主宰他人而具有关怀。因此，专制主义对权力的需求，矛盾地不是植根于强大，而是植根于软弱。