The Open or Closed Mind 开放和封闭的心灵 Closely related to considerations of the authoritarian attitude is the work of Rokeach (1960) on the organization of belief systems and their relation to what he calls the "open" or the "closed" mind. He defines a belief system as representing "all the beliefs, sets, expectancies, or hypotheses, conscious and unconscious, that a person at a given time accepts as true of the world he lives in "(p.33). Similarly a disbelief system "contains all the disbeliefs, sets, expectancies, conscious and unconscious, that, to one degree or another,a person at a given time rejects as false"(ibid.). This constellation of beliefs and disbeliefs, the belief-disbelief system, can be characterized for any individual as open or closed. 与专制态度密切相关的是Rokeach(1960)关于信仰系统的组织及其与(他所称的)“开放”或“封闭”心灵的关系的著作。他将信仰系统定义为“信仰、倾向[set按Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary的解释，有个意思是fixed direction, bent, or inclination]、期望或假设，有意识的和无意识的，所有这些一个人在某一特定时间作为关于他所生活的世界为真而接受的东西”(p.33)。同样，一个不信仰的系统“包含所有的所有不信仰，集合，期望，有意识的和无意识的，在某种程度上，一个人在一个给定的时间作为假而拒绝接受的东西”(同上)。这种信仰和不信仰的组合，即“信仰-不信仰”系统，对任何个人来说都可以被描述为开放的或封闭的。 The open system is characterized by the following elements: 开放系统的特点如下:

• 1. The degree of rejection of disbelief subsystems is relatively low at each point along the belief-disbelief continuum.
• 1. 不信仰子系统的拒绝程度在信仰-不信仰连续统的每个点上都相对较低。
• 2. There is communication within parts of respective systems and between belief and disbelief systems.
• 2. 两个系统各自内部，信仰和不信仰系统之间，存在着交流。
• 3. The degree of differentiation between belief and disbelief systems shows relatively little discrepancy.
• 3. 信仰和不信仰系统之间的区别程度显示出相对较小的差异。
• 4. The specific content of central beliefs is to the effect that the world, or the immediate situation one is in, is a friendly one.
• 4. 核心信念的具体内容是说，你所处的世界，或你所处的直接环境，是友好的。
• 5. The formal content of beliefs about authority and those holding to it is that authority is not absolute and that people are not to be evaluated, if at all, in terms of their agreement or disagreement with authority.
• 5. 关于权威和那些拥有权威的人，信仰的正式内容是：权威不是绝对的，不应该根据是否与权威一致而评判一个人。
• 6. The time perspective is relatively broad.
• 6. 时间视角相对宽广。

The closed system has the following characteristics: 封闭系统具有以下特点:

• 1. The degree of rejection of disbelief subsystems at each point along the belief-disbelief continuum is relatively high.
• 1. 不信仰子系统的拒绝程度在信仰-不信连续统的每个点上都相对较高。
• 2. There is an isolation of parts within and between systems.
• 2. 系统内部和系统之间存在隔离。
• 3. The degree of differentiation between belief and disbelief systems shows a high degree of discrepancy.
• 3. 信仰与不信仰系统之间的区别程度显示出高度的差异。
• 4. There is relatively little differentiation within the disbelief system.
• 4. 在不信仰系统中，差别相对较小。
• 5. The world or the immediate situation tends to seem threatening.
• 5. 这个世界或眼前的局势似乎具有威胁性。
• 6. The formal content of beliefs about authority is that authority is absolute and that people are to be accepted or rejected according to their agreement or disagreement with authority.
• 6. 关于权威，信仰的正式内容是：权威是绝对的，根据是否与权威一致，接受或拒绝一个人。
• 7. The time perspective is relatively narrow and future oriented (Rokeach,1960, pp.55-56).
• 7. 时间视角相对狭窄，以未来为导向。

The closed belief system shows remarkable consistency with the characteristics of the authoritarian attitude—particularly in respect to attitudes toward authority and in projective attitudes toward the environment. The need to deal with and compensate for feelings of inadequacy and self-hate by excessive concerns over power and status makes the individual susceptible to a cognitive confusion between information and the source of the information, and consequently fosters a tendency to closed systems of thought and belief. Overidentification with an absolute authority serves to defend against feelings of loneliness and isolation. Rokeach also points to a positive dimension in such an attitude: 封闭的信仰体系显示出与专制主义态度的显著一致性，特别是在对权威的态度和对环境的投射态度方面。对通过对权力和地位的过分关注来处理和弥补不足和自我憎恨的感觉的需要，使个人容易对信息和信息来源之间的认知混淆，从而形成一种倾向于封闭的思想和信仰系统的倾向。对绝对权威的过度认同有助于抵御孤独感和孤立感。Rokeach还指出了这种态度的积极方面: ...closed belief systems provide a systematic cognitive framework for rationalizing and justifying egocentric self-righteousness and the moral condemnation of others. Thus, the more closed the belief-disbelief system, the more do we conceive it to represent, in its totality, a tightly woven network of cognitive defenses against anxiety. Such psychoanalytic defense mechanisms as repression, rationalization, denial, projection, reaction formation and overidentification may all be seen to have their representation in the belief-disbelief system in the form of some belief or in the form of some structural relation among beliefs. Indeed, we suggest that, in the extreme, the closed system is nothing more than the total network of psychoanalytic defense mechanisms organized together to form a cognitive system and designed to shield a vulnerable mind (1960, pp.69-70). …封闭的信仰系统为自我中心的自我正义和对他人的道德谴责提供了一个系统的认知框架。因此，“信仰-不信仰”系统越封闭，我们就越认为它在整体上代表了一个紧密编织的认知防御网络，抵御焦虑。压抑、合理化、否定、投射、反向形成、过度认同等心理分析防御机制，都可以在信仰-不信体系中以某种信仰的形式或信仰之间的某种结构关系的形式表现出来。事实上，我们认为，在极端情况下，封闭的系统只不过是精神分析防御机制的整体网络，这些防御机制组织在一起形成了一个认知系统，旨在保护脆弱的心灵(1960年，第69-70页)。 This view of the closed mind helps to fill out the portrait of the authoritarian personality, although its extension and implications are broader than the diagnostic issues. The continuity between these more characterological and relatively normal configurations of adaptation to the stress of the environment are apparent and deserve to be underlined. There is a spectrum of states of mind, stretching from psychotic paranoid delusions to the relatively normal attitudes of the closed mind, which rests upon a community of attitudes and mechanisms. The differentiation of degrees of pathogenicity in this continuum is a matter of degrees of intensity and relative adaptiveness to a social-cultural context. We have treated these states under the rubric of "pathological," but our considerations have led us into an ill-defined area between the pathological and the normal, if not frankly into the normal area. I would now like to turn to some unequivocally normal states of mind which are closely related to the preceding considerations and which extend the continuum of paranoidlike states even further. 这种封闭心灵的观点有助于填补专制人格的画像，尽管其外延和含义比诊断问题更广泛。这些更有性格特点和相对正常的对环境压力适应性的结构之间的连续性是明显的，值得强调。有一系列的精神状态，从精神病性偏执妄想到封闭心灵的相对正常的态度，它建立在一个态度和机制的共同体之上。在这个连续统中，致病性程度的区分是一个强度和对社会文化背景的相对适应的问题。我们在“病态”的标题下处理这些等级，但是我们的考虑使我们进入了病态和正常之间的一个模糊的区域，如果不是坦率地说进入正常区域。现在我想谈谈与上述考虑密切相关的一些明确的正常心理状态，它们进一步扩大了偏执状态的连续统。