PARANOID CONSTRUCTION 偏执的建构 In the preceding sections we have been discussing defense mechanisms involved in paranoid conditions. Projection, introjection, and denial are defense mechanisms in the strict sense that they are processes which the egoemploys unconsciously to defend itself against painful or undesirable wishes and impulses. The present consideration, however, takes up an aspect of paranoid functioning which may not fall under the category of defense mechanism, but which does in fact serve defensive purposes. In referring to the paranoid construction, we are referring to a specifically cognitive aspect of the paranoid style. The paranoid style includes specific ways of thinking and perceiving, ways of experiencing emotion, and modes of subjective experience and activity(Shapiro,1965). We are not dealing with a cognitive style in the sense of a clustering of consistencies of cognitive behavior (Gardner et al.,1959), but rather with a cognitive disposition which contributes an important dimension to the paranoid style. 在前面的章节中，我们已经讨论了偏执状态下的防御机制。投射、内摄和否认是严格意义上的防御机制，它们是自我无意识地用来抵御痛苦或不想要的愿望和冲动的过程。然而，目前的考虑涉及偏执功能的一个方面，这种偏执功能可能不属于防御机制的范畴，但实际上却为防御目的服务。在提到偏执的构建时，我们指的是偏执风格的一个特定的认知方面。偏执风格包括特定的思维和感知方式，体验情感的方式，以及主观经验和活动的模式(夏皮罗，1965)。我们讨论的不是一种认知风格，即一系列一致的认知行为(Gardner et al.，1959)，而是一种认知倾向，这种倾向在偏执风格中起着重要作用。