Superego Projections 超我投射 We might add a word about superego projections, since they form a considerable proportion of typically paranoid projections. Such projections are significant, for it was on the basis of paranoid delusions of being watched or observed that Freud was led to formulate his teaching concerning a self-observing and self-critical agency in the human psyche. This agency was conceptualized as the superego(Freud,1914,1916-17). The projective delusion of being watched, or feeling that thoughts and feelings can be detected by others, is one of the commonest paranoid delusions. In psychotic states, it is not uncommon for patients to experience auditory hallucinations of voices criticizing them or castigating them in derogatory terms. Such projections represent a relatively harsh and archaic superego which carries out its self-critical and devaluing function in this projected form. 我们可以加上一个关于超我投射的词，因为它们在典型的偏执投射中占相当大的比例。这样的预测是很重要的，因为正是基于对被观察或观察的偏执妄想，弗洛伊德才被引导形成了他关于人类心理中自我观察和自我批判的机构的学说。这个代理被概念化为超我(弗洛伊德，1914,1916-17)。被监视的投射性妄想，或认为思想和情感可以被他人察觉的感觉，是最常见的偏执妄想之一。在精神状态下，患者经常会产生幻听，听到有人用贬义的语言批评或严厉斥责他们。这样的投射代表了一种相对严酷和古老的超我，它以这种投射的形式执行自我批判和贬值的功能。 The superego is constituted in large part by introjects which, as we have suggested, are closely related and susceptible to instinctual influences. Such introjects aggregate to themselves significant amounts of instinctual energy, particularly aggression. This pattern of superego formation is influenced strongly not only by harsh parental figures (identification with the aggressor), but also by assimilation of unneutralized intrapsychic hostility which intensifies the harsh and archaic morality of the superego and increases its hostile destructiveness. This process has been referred to(inaccurately I think) as an intrapsychic projection of aggression from the ego to the superego-a form of "intrapsychic paranoia"(Money-Kyrle,1968). In any case, the superego introjects tend to assimilate the unfused aggression, thus interfering with more adaptive and healthy intrapsychic integration of these introjects. They retain a primitive and archaic quality and distort theinner reality of the individual's sense of identity and integrity. They maintain a certain level of pathogenic inner division and fragmentation, undermine the sense of well-being, self-esteem, and inner autonomy which derives from the integration of psychic structure, and by projection distort the individual's experience of his world and his place in it. 超我在很大程度上是由内向的事物构成的，正如我们所指出的，内向的事物是密切相关的，并且容易受到本能的影响。这些注入物聚集了大量的本能能量，尤其是攻击性。这种超我形成的模式不仅受到严厉的父母形象(与侵略者的认同)的强烈影响，而且还受到未经中和的内在心理敌意的同化，这种敌意加剧了超我的严厉和古老的道德，并增加了它的敌对破坏性。这一过程被称为(我认为是不准确的)从自我到超我的内在心理投射——一种“内在心理妄想”的形式(Money-Kyrle,1968)。在任何情况下，超我内向者倾向于同化未被同化的攻击性，从而干扰这些内向者更适应和更健康的心理内整合。他们保留了原始和古老的性质，扭曲了个人的认同感和完整性的内在现实。他们保持着一定程度的病态的内在分裂和分裂，破坏了幸福感、自尊感和内在自主性，而这些源自于精神结构的整合，并通过投射扭曲了个人对他的世界和他在其中的位置的体验。 It is my impression that superego projections are closely linked with the issue of autonomy. The autonomy of the paranoid personality is threatened both internally and externally. The internal threat derives from introjects, the most important of which are the superego ones. The inner diminution of a sense of autonomy is closely tied to other effects of superego aggression. It calls forth feelings of inadequacy, diminished self-esteem, worthlessness, shame, and guilt. Projection serves to release some of this superego pressure. The paranoid projection can serve as a defense against the feelings of inner loss and futility that are associated with the internal threat to autonomy. Ifautonomy is threatened externally, at least the inner futility can be lessened and the external threat can be contested. Even if it cannot be avoided or overcome, one can preserve a false sense of rebellious autonomy in the face of an external threat. One cannot in the face of an internal threat. Superego projection is really a special case of the overall problem of projection/introjection in paranoid states. 我的印象是，超我投射与自治问题密切相关。偏执型人格的自主性受到内在和外在的双重威胁。内部威胁来自于内蕴，其中最重要的是超我内蕴。自主性的内在削弱与超我攻击的其他效应密切相关。它唤起了不充分的感觉，降低了自尊，没有价值，羞耻和内疚。投射可以释放一些超我的压力。这种偏执的投射可以作为一种防御，抵御与自治的内在威胁相关的内在失落和无用感。如果自主性受到外部的威胁，至少可以减少内部的无用性，对抗外部的威胁。即使无法避免或克服，在面对外部威胁时，人们也会保持一种叛逆自主的虚假感觉。一个人不能面对内部威胁。超我投射是偏执狂状态下投射/内向问题的一个特例。