Projection 投射 Looking at projection in its broadest terms, Rapaport (1952) has described it as the structuring of the world in subjective terms according to an organizing principle inherent in the individual personality which seeks to diminish internal stress. This encompasses a variety of subtypes:(1) infantile projection, by which whatever is painful is externalized;(2) transference processes, which may include projective elements;(3) defensive projection(paranoid) of inner impulses; and finally (4) the structuring of the inner world as reflected in projective testing (Rapaport,1944). The subjective structuring has to do with the internalization of introjects, which are then projected and help the infant to structure his world and to define the limits of self and the boundaries between what is within and what is without. The complex interplay of introjection and projection in structuring the inner and outer worlds is modified by the structuralizing effects of identificatory processes and the resulting emergence of a stable self. As the self becomes organized and stabilized, there is a corresponding definition of the structure, limits, and inherent stability of objects. Perception of the world becomes less drive-dependent, less organized in terms of defensive needs. The capacity for reality testing and tolerance for the distinctness and difference of objects matures. 拉帕波特(1952)从最广泛的角度来看待投射，他把投射描述为根据个人人格固有的组织原则(即寻求减少内部压力)，用主观词汇结构化世界。这包括多种亚型:(1)婴儿时期的投射，通过这种投射，任何痛苦都被外化了;(2)移情过程，其中可能包括投射元素;(3)内心冲动的防御性投射(偏执);最后(4)投射测试所反映的内心世界的结构(Rapaport,1944)。主观结构化与内摄的内在化有关，内在化被投射出来，帮助婴儿构建他的世界，定义自我的界限以及内在与外在的界限。在建构内外世界的过程中，内摄和投射的复杂相互作用被身份过程的结构化效应和由此产生的稳定自我所修正。当自我变得有组织和稳定时，客体的结构、极限和固有稳定性就有了相应的定义。对世界的感知变得不那么驱力依赖，在防御需求方面也不那么有组织性。对现实测试的能力和对客体的不同和差异的容忍度已经成熟。 One way of looking at projection is that it involves a partial dediferentiation or fusion of self- and object-representations (Jacobson, 1964). The infantile interplay between introjection and projection is involved in efforts to define and establish the boundary between self and object, and such fusion and confusion are undoubtedly part of the problem. In later defensive projections, however, such confusions are not apparent and patients seem to be hypersensitive to differences between themselves and others, particularly the objects of their projections. Attribution to the object of characteristics which derive from aspects of the self do not necessarily connote fusion of representations. Rather in the defensive use of projection the distinction between self and object is amplified in the interest of putting greater distance between the self and what it seeks to reject. 看待投射的一种方法是，它涉及到自我和客体表示的部分去分化或融合(Jacobson, 1964)。内摄和投射之间幼稚的相互作用涉及到定义和建立自我与客体之间的边界的努力，这种融合和混乱无疑是问题的一部分。然而，在后来的防御性投射中，这种混淆并不明显，患者似乎对自己和他人之间的差异，尤其是投射对象之间的差异非常敏感。把从自我的各个方面衍生出来的特征归因于对象，并不必然意味着表征的融合。相反，在投射的防御性使用中，自我和客体之间的区别被放大了，这是为了在自我和它试图拒绝的事物之间建立更大的距离。 Projection does not involve a withdrawal of cathexis and does not imply a breakdown in cognitive functioning. It implies a careful attention to reality and to the object of the projection. The distortion of reality which it introduces is not a perceptual distortion. The distortion has rather to do with what the perception means. One attaches a significance to what one perceives, which derives from one's inner convictions and needs. Thus, the paranoid can agree with others as to what is observed, but he cannot share the same meanings with them. Projection, therefore, does not distort apparent reality, but it does distort the significance of the apparent reality. Projection is a form of interpretive distortion of external reality (Shapiro, 1965). This projection, as we shall see, plays an important role in relation to the paranoid construction. 投射不涉及全神贯注的退出，也不意味着认知功能的崩溃。它意味着对现实和投射对象的仔细关注。它所引入的对现实的扭曲并不是一种感性的扭曲。这种扭曲与感知的含义有关。一个人重视他所感知到的东西，它来自于他内心的信念和需要。因此，偏执者可以在观察到什么这点上与他人建立共识，但他不能就含义是什么与他人达成共识。因此，投射不会扭曲表面现实，但它确实扭曲了表面现实的意义。投射是对外部现实的一种解释扭曲(夏皮罗，1965)。我们将会看到，这种投射在偏执的建构中扮演着重要的角色。 The defensive use of projection can take a variety of forms. An attribute or quality that lies wholly in the subject and not at all in the object is perceived as a quality of the object and not as a quality of the subject. Conflict is resolved by ascribing to the other person or group the emotions, attitudes, or motives that actually belong to the subject, person or group. This use of projection involves a considerable degree of denial and involves a severe degree of distortion in the perception of external reality. Projection may also take the form of an exaggeration or emphasis of qualities in the other which the subject also possesses. The degree to which the subject is able to acknowledge the quality in himself varies, but the projection characteristically involves an accentuation of it in the other. Allport(1958) calls this "mote-beam" projection. Freud(1922) had pointed out that projection of this kind was often involved in jealousy, in which one partnermight minimize his own impulses to infidelity while accentuating the impulses of the other partner. He assumes the presence of impulses to infidelity in both partners, even though unconscious. The projection takes the form of an exaggeration and accentuation of the quality detected in the other. Projection, however, need not take the form of either creating or exaggerating qualities in the other. It may simply take the form of providing an explanation and a justification for an inner state of mind by an appeal to external influences or the imagined intentions and motives of others. 投射的防御性使用可以采取多种形式。完全属于主体而不属于客体的一种属性或性质，被认为是客体的一种性质，而不是主体的一种性质。冲突是通过将属于主体的情感、态度或动机归属于另一个人或群体来解决的。这种投射的使用涉及到相当程度的否认，并涉及到对外部现实的知觉的严重扭曲。投射也可以采取夸大或强调他人身上那些主体也具有的品质。主体对自身品质的认知程度各不相同，但投射的特点是强调对方的品质。Allport(1958)称之为“刺-梁木”投射[出自基督教圣经新约马太福音：你为何看见弟兄眼中有刺，却不想到自己眼中有梁木呢。]。弗洛伊德(1922)指出，这种投射通常与嫉妒有关，其中一方可能会将自己对不忠的冲动最小化，同时强调另一方的冲动。他假定双方都有不忠的冲动，即使是无意识的。投射的形式是夸大和强调在对方身上检测到的品质。然而，投射不需要以创造或夸大对方品质的形式出现。它可能仅仅以这种形式出现——通过诉诸外部影响或想象中的他人意图动机，为自己内心状态提供一种解释和理由。 It is important to keep the understanding of projection clear from related usages. We have been discussing the developmental and defensive forms of projection which share certain characteristics and are closely related. Such projections are correlative with introjection, and are thus pertinent to the forming of the self-image and the organization of object-relations. Projection should be carefully distinguished from transference phenomena which involve displacements from object to object rather than subject to object(Jacobson,1964; Greenson,1967). It should also be clear that phobic projections are only analogously projections and are better described as externalizations. 重要的是要从相关的用法中保持对投射的清晰理解。我们一直在讨论投射的发展形式和防御形式，它们具有某些共同的特点，并且密切相关。这种投射与内摄有关，因而与自我形象的形成和客体关系的组织有关。投射应该小心地与移情现象区分开来，移情现象包括客体与客体之间的代替，而不是主体与客体之间的代替(Jacobson,1964;·格林森,1967)。还应该清楚的是，恐惧症投射只是类似的投射，最好将其描述为外化。 Projection is a defense that pertains primarily to object-relations. The content of projection derives from introjects which are in turn derived from object-relations. Moreover, projection is immediately caught up in the effectual involvement in object-relations. Jaffe (1968) has pointed to the dualistic and conflictual role of projection in involving the self in a persistent mode of ambivalence in dealing with objects. At one pole annihilation of the object is sought, whereas at the opposite pole identification with, and preservation of, the object is desired. There is a basic conflict between the impulse to destroy the object, to which some threatening subjective impulse has been ascribed, and the wish to protect the object, with which the subject has identified and is thus invested with narcissistic cathexis. The ego is faced with a need to maintain inner stability in the face of structural regression with its attendant threat of loss of control and instinctual discharge. It is interesting in this regard that paranoid patients are terribly threatened by any attempt to confront them with their rage and disappointment against significant and particularly primary objects. The paranoid position often seems to be calculated to preserve these objects and to preserve the object-relation. The ambivalence in the relationship is too difficult to tolerate and the rage against the object cannot be faced. These relationships are often the important source of introjects, and the projection to other objects provides a way of preserving the good aspects of the object-relationship. On another level, projection onto such important introjective objects provides a way of preserving the relation, even if on desperate terms. 投射是一种防御，主要涉及客体关系。投射的内容来自于内摄，内摄又来自于客体关系。此外，投射立即被卷入到客体关系的有效介入中。贾菲(1968)指出投射的二元性和冲突性作用，在处理客体时，投射使自我处于一种持续的矛盾模式中。在一个极点上，寻求的是客体的毁灭，而在另一个极点上，渴望的却是对客体的认同和保存。在摧毁客体的冲动和保护客体的愿望之间存在着一个基本的冲突，前者被归咎于某种具有威胁性的主观冲动，后者被主体认同，因此被赋予了自恋的自我中心意识。自我在面对结构退化时，面对失去控制和本能释放的威胁，需要保持内在的稳定。在这方面，有趣的是，任何试图让偏执患者面对他们对重要和特别基本的客体的愤怒和失望的举动，都会让他们受到严重威胁。偏执立场似乎经常被计算来保存这些客体和客体关系。关系中的矛盾太难以容忍，对客体的愤怒无法面对。这些关系通常是内摄的重要来源，对其他客体的投射提供了一种保存客体关系的良好方面的方法。在另一个层面上，投射到如此重要的内摄客体上提供了一种保持关系的方法，即使是在绝望的情况下。