Reciprocal Interrelation 互惠的相互关系 It is generally agreed that projection is the characteristic and basic defense mechanism employed in paranoid states. It is quite obvious clinically that projection is found quite consistently in a variety of other clinical conditions (Jaffe,1968), so that we cannot regard it as a defining or pathognomonic aspect of paranoid states. Freud put considerable emphasis on projection in trying to ilumine the psychodynamics of paranoid delusions. The paranoid deals with painful or intolerable inner impulses by projecting them onto external objects. The process is rationalizable in terms of the economic principle that it is easier to flee from a threatening external source of pain than to avoid an internal source of pain(Nunberg,1955). But it is not immediately evident why such should be the case. 一般认为投射是偏执状态下采用的典型的基本的防御机制。很明显，在临床中，投射在其他各种临床条件下的表现相当一致(Jaffe,1968)，因此我们不能将其视为偏执状态的定义性或诊断性方面。弗洛伊德在试图解释偏执妄想的心理动力学时，相当重视投射。偏执者通过将痛苦或无法忍受的内心冲动投射到外部物体上来加以处理。这一过程在经济学原理上是合理的，即逃离外部痛苦的威胁比逃避内部痛苦的威胁更容易(Nunberg,1955)。但目前还不清楚为什么会出现这种情况。 The mechanism of projection can only be considered meaningfully in the context of its correlative intrapsychic process—introjection. The two processes are intimately related in the psychic economy. I have discussed the terminological and metapsychological aspects of projective and introjective processes elsewhere(Meissner,1971b), and they need not be rehearsed here. While psychoanalysts, following Freud, have focused primarily on the role of projection in paranoia, there has been a tendency to overlook and underplay the equally important, although less apparent, role of introjective mechanisms. The importance of this consideration, from the point of view of understanding paranoid mechanisms as well as from the point of view of clinical intervention, has been underlined by Searles. On the basis of extensive clinical experience, he comments: 投射机制只有在其相关的内心过程——内摄——的语境中才能得到有意义的思考。这两个过程在精神经济中密切相关。我在其他地方讨论过投射和内摄过程的术语和元心理学方面(Meissner,1971b)，这里不需要进行复述。虽然追随弗洛伊德的精神分析学家们主要关注的是在偏执中投射的角色，但有一种倾向，即忽视和低估了内摄机制同样重要的作用，尽管这种作用不那么明显。塞尔斯强调，从理解偏执机制的角度以及从临床干预的角度考虑这一问题的重要性。基于丰富的临床经验，他说: Conspicuous as the defense mechanism of projection is in paranoid schizophrenia,I have come to believe that the complementary defense, introjection, while less easily detectable, is hardly less important. The patient lives chronically under the threat, that is, not only of persecutory figures experienced as part of the outer world, but also under that of introjects which he carries about, largely unknown to himself, within him. These are distorted representations of people which belong, properly speaking, to the world outside the confines of his ego, but which he experiences—in so far as he becomes aware of their presence—as having invaded his self. These, existing as foreign bodies in his personality, infringe upon and diminish the area of what might be thought of as his own self—an area being kept small, also, by the draining off into the outer world, through projection, of much affect and ideation which belongs to his self(1965,p.467). 由于投射的防御机制在偏执型精神分裂症中很明显，我开始相信互补防御，即内摄，虽然不易察觉，但也同样重要。病人长期生活在一种威胁之下，这种威胁不仅来自他在外部世界中体验过的被迫害者角色，还来自于他内摄于自己内心的被迫害者角色，很大程度上他自己并不知道。这些都是对人的扭曲表现，恰当地说，这些人属于他自我之外的世界，但他所经历的——就他意识到他们的存在而言——就像侵入了他的自我。这些存在于他人格中的外来物体，侵犯并缩小了他可能被认为是他自己的那个区域——这个区域之所以被保持得很小，也是因为通过投射，大量属于他自己的情感和思想被排入了外部世界(1965年，第467页)。 Projection and introjection are reciprocally related processes which regulate the individual's interaction with external objects. They become operative very early in the organism's experience and remain an operative feature in varying degrees for the rest of his life. 投射和内摄是相互关联的过程，调节着个体与外界对象的互动。它们在机体的早期就开始起作用，并在他的余生中不同程度地保持着作用特征。