CHAPTER 4 Paranoid Mechanisms 第4章 偏执机制 We have been considering the origins of contemporary views of paranoia in Freud's formulation of the libidinal and dynamic aspects of the syndrome. We then considered the development of those concepts and the gradual shift in emphasis from the libidinal aspects to questions of the economy of aggression. Concern over homosexuality has faded somewhat, and concerns over power relations and power conflicts have assumed increasing importance. The relationship of paranoid defenses to issues of depression, personal inadequacy, and diminished self-esteem have received increasing emphasis and have become central issues in the understanding and treatment of paranoid disorders. We have also undertaken to relate paranoid conditions and paranoid mechanisms to a spectrum of states of mind, which reach from the grossly pathological and distorted extreme of paranoid delusional systems to the more adaptive and developmentally relevant aspects of group affiliation, beliefs, and values. 我们一直在思考当代观点(按照佛洛伊德关于这种综合征力比多和动力学方面的提法)下偏执的起源。然后，我们考虑了这些概念的发展以及重点从力比多方面向攻击经济问题的逐渐转移。对同性恋的关注已经有所减弱，对权力关系和权力冲突的关注变得越来越重要。偏执防御与抑郁、个人不胜任感和自尊下降等问题之间的关系越来越受到重视，并已成为了解和治疗偏执障碍的中心问题。我们还致力于将偏执条件和偏执机制与一系列心理状态联系起来，这些心理状态从偏执妄想系统严重病态和扭曲的极端，延伸到群体归属感、信仰和价值观等更具适应性和发展性的相关方面。 Our objective in the immediately present undertaking is not so much to focus specifically on the problems related to understanding the mechanisms themselves, but to clarify their functioning and relation to clinical and related states. This seems to suggest itself as an important intermediary step in approaching an understanding of how such mechanisms are developed. The present consideration, therefore, is aimed at the further examination of the processes which underlie the genesis of paranoid and related conditions. The mechanisms that we shall focus on are projection and introjection, denial and what I shall refer to as paranoid construction. 我们当前工作的目标与其说是特别集中于某些(与理解机制本身有关的)问题，不如说是澄清它们的作用及其与临床有关状态的关系。这似乎表明，它本身是了解这种机制如何发展的一个重要的中间步骤。因此，目前考虑的目的是进一步审视造成偏执及有关状态发生的过程。我们要关注的机制是投射和内摄、否认以及我所说的偏执建构。