Senility 衰老 A somewhat similar pattern can be detected in the emergence of paranoid symptoms in presenility and senility. The precipitants include the loss of physical function but also social isolation. Herbert and Jacobson (1967) studied a group of such patients over the age of sixty-five. Their premorbid personalities were generally schizoid or paranoid but they were precipitated into frank delusions by a background of disturbing factors which disrupted their capacity to cope. A lack of social contact was a prominent feature. Physical handicaps, particularly blindness and deafness, increased their isolation and intensified their personality difficulties, culminating in withdrawal to delusions and hallucinations. Here again the paranoid symptoms can be seen as an attempt to salvage some of the remnants of self from the ravages of loss and physical deterioration. The loneliness and isolation of these individuals undermined their self-esteem and sense of worth, and the paranoid construction enabled them to restore some measure of both. It also maintained some semblance of relatedness to objects (delusional relatedness is better than none)(Dias Cordeiro,J.,1970). 多少类似的模式可在早衰患者和老年人中出现的偏执症状中发现。诱发因素包括生理功能的丧失和社会隔离。赫伯特和雅各布森(1967)研究了一组65岁以上的病人。他们在发病前的人格通常是分裂样或偏执型，但在一种干扰因素的背景下，他们变成了明确的妄想，这些干扰因素破坏了他们的应对能力。缺乏社会联系是一个突出的特点。身体残疾，特别是失明和耳聋，增加了他们的孤立感，加剧了他们的人格困难，最终导致他们退缩到妄想和幻觉中。在这里，偏执症状可以被看作是试图从损失和身体恶化的蹂躏中拯救自体的残余。这些人的孤独和孤立削弱了他们的自尊和价值感，而偏执建构使他们在某种程度上恢复了这两者。它还保持了一些与客体有关系的表象(妄想的关系总比没有要好)(Dias Cordeiro,J.，1970)。