Shame and Humiliation 羞愧和耻辱 Both the strabismus and, perhaps more importantly, the enuresis contributed to her sense of shame and humiliation. An important aspect of this experience in her early childhood years was the influence on the body image. The loss of sphincter control and the publicly apparent dysfunction of both her eyes and her urinary apparatus contributed to a devalued sense of her own body. She was left with the feeling that she had somehow been deprived of something—cheated out of something that would have made her whole and wholesome, rather than defective and shameful. We shall have the opportunity to return to this issue of the determinants of the body image and their impact on the developing personality later. But the sense of bodily defect and inability to control certain functions can serve as an important focus for an inner sense of shame and inferiority. The element of castration here is perhaps too obvious to comment on, but it should be noted that castration anxieties in both males and females tend to build on and incorporate deeper and more primitive fears of distrust, deprivation, and shameful inadequacy. 也许更重要的是，斜视和遗尿都加重了她的羞耻感和耻辱感。她童年早期经历的一个重要方面是对身体形象的影响。括约肌失去了控制，她的眼睛和泌尿系统都出现了明显的功能障碍，这些都让她对自己身体的感觉贬值了。她只剩下一种感觉，觉得自己不知怎的被剥夺了某种东西——被剥夺了某种东西，而这种东西本可以使她变得完整和健全，而不是变得有缺陷和可耻。我们将有机会回到这个问题上，即身体形象的决定因素及其对人格发展的影响。但是，身体缺陷和无法控制某些功能的感觉，可以成为内心羞耻感和自卑感的一个重要焦点。阉割的因素在这里可能太明显而无法评论，但应该指出的是，男性和女性的阉割焦虑倾向于建立并包含对不信任、剥夺和可耻的不充分的更深更原始的恐惧。 Along with this sense of shamefulness and inadequacy, Ellen possessed a considerable degree of very primitive narcissism. She expected in many ways to be taken care of, to be catered to, to be given attention and affection, to be treated in special and privileged ways. She thought of herself as a highborn person. This is interesting in view of the fact that it reflected her mother's almost delusional attitudes about social status and being in with the "blue bloods." In the hospital, Ellen would make very derogatory and uncomplimentary remarks about the other patients, making it very clear that she looked down on all of them and regarded them as socially inferior to herself and her family. Her attitude toward blacks was especially rich in contempt and disgust. This linked meaningfully to her delusional fears of having intercourse with blacks and becoming one of them. The delusional content referred back to and reflected the extremely prejudicial attitudesthat permeated her family and which particularly characterized her mother. Along with her social ambition and high regard for the "blue bloods," Ellen's mother despised any race other than Anglo-Saxon or Irish. She despised any of the darker skinned people of Europe—Italians or people of Spanish descent—and regarded blacks as hardly human. Intercourse with a black in this context would be close to the lowest degree of human degradation and humiliation. 除了这种羞耻感和自卑感，埃伦还具有相当程度的原始的自恋。她希望在许多方面得到照顾，得到满足，得到关心和喜爱，得到特殊的优待。她认为自己是个出身高贵的人。这很有趣，因为这反映了她母亲对社会地位和“贵族”身份近乎妄想的态度。在医院里，埃伦会对其他病人说非常贬损和不恭维的话，很明显，她瞧不起所有的病人，认为他们在社会地位上不如她和她的家人。她对黑人的态度尤其充满了轻蔑和厌恶。这与她对与黑人发生性关系并成为他们中的一员的妄想恐惧有着重要的联系。这种妄想内容指向并反映了弥漫在她家庭中的极其偏见的态度，这种态度特别体现了她母亲的特点。除了她的社会抱负和对“贵族”的崇高敬意，埃伦的母亲还鄙视除盎格鲁-撒克逊人或爱尔兰人以外的任何种族。她鄙视任何肤色较深的欧洲人——意大利人或西班牙血统的人——认为黑人几乎不像人。在这种情况下，与黑人性交几乎是人类堕落和耻辱的最低程度。