The Paranoid Construction 偏执建构 In the course of my work with Fred, the paradoxical nature of his position came to impress me more and more. I struggled to understand why he clung so desperately to his elaborate paranoid construction. Time and again it was clear that he could only see his reality in terms of this construction. Any data that intruded on his perception that could not be integrated or reconciled with this view was ignored, denied, or reinterpreted—often with extreme distortions—so as to preserve the paranoid construction intact. I became increasingly aware of the internal necessity under which Fred's mind worked. The integrity of the paranoid construction was essential for the preservation of his own sense of inner integrity and identity. The paranoid construction was the only way in which Fred could make sense out of the cumulative data of his experience—and preserve some sense of the continuity of meaning in his life. His own inner sense of himself as a distinct and recognizable person was bound up with this construction. 在我与弗雷德一起工作的过程中，他处境的矛盾性给我留下了越来越深刻的印象。我努力理解他为何如此绝望地坚持他那精心构建的偏执建构。一次又一次地，很明显，他只能根据这种建构来看待自己的现实。任何侵入他感知的数据，如果不能与这种观点相融合或协调，都会被忽视、否认或重新解释——通常伴随着极端的扭曲——以保持偏执观念的完整性。我越来越意识到弗雷德思维运作的内在必要性。偏执建构的完整性对于保持他自己内在完整性和认同至关重要。偏执建构是弗雷德理解他累积的经验数据的唯一方式，也是保持他生活中意义连续感的唯一方式。他自己作为一个独特而可识别的人的内在感觉与这种观念紧密相连。 Undoubtedly the construction served other important defensive needs. It provided a channel for his destructive aggressive impulses. It gave him an available and attackable external enemy against which he could direct his wrath without any of the risks that he had felt in his tormented relationship with his parents. It counterbalanced the inner sense of unimportance and worthlessness that determined his extremely low self-esteem and lay behind his complaints that the hated forces around him never responded to or gave any regard to his needs and wishes. It helped to generate a counterdepressive elevation of his self-esteem, in fact, by which he could become the courageous and intrepid hero of the downtrodden and underprivileged victims of the oppressive "system." The revolutionary fervor that he poured into his struggle against the forces of the hated establishment allowed him to legitimize his rage and to turn it into a reinforcing component of a positive ego-ideal, rather than to have it an undermining and self-destructive component of his own inner malignant self-perception (the bad introject). 无疑，这种建构服务于其他重要的防御性需求。它为他破坏性的攻击冲动提供了一个渠道。它给了他一个可用的、可攻击的外部敌人，他可以将自己的愤怒发泄在这个敌人身上，而不会像在与父母痛苦的关系中那样冒任何风险。它平衡了他内心的不重要感和无价值感，这些感觉决定了他极低的自尊，也是他抱怨周围可恨的势力从不回应或关注他的需求和愿望的原因。事实上，它有助于产生一种反抑郁的自尊提升，使他能够成为受压迫“制度”下受压迫和弱势群体的勇敢无畏的英雄。他倾注在对可恨当局斗争中的革命热情，使他的愤怒合法化，并将其转化为积极理想自我中的一个强化组成部分，而不是让它成为自己内心恶性自我认知（不良内摄物）的一个破坏性和自我毁灭的组成部分。 The paranoid construction, therefore, gave Fred a consistent framework within which he could perceive and make consistent sense out of himself and the world around him. The clearest formulation of this understanding that I have seen is that provided by Searles (1966-67). He has suggested that one function of the sense of identity is to provide a sort of perceptual organ for grasping and integrating the complex aspects of the world around us. For Fred, the paranoid construction that he provided for himself not only made sense out of his bitter and frustrating life experience and provided him with a framework by which he could integrate his experience of the world around him. It provided him with the sensitivities and awarenesses that enabled him to formulate a world view which gave him a sense of purpose and direction and meaningfulness. Fred's commitment to radical politics and to a revolutionary credo was not merely an intellectual answer, but it shaped the pattern and meaning of his existence. 因此，偏执建构为弗雷德提供了一个一致的框架，使他能够感知自己和周围的世界，并使其保持一致。我所见过的对这种理解最清晰的表述是塞尔斯（1966-1967）提出的。他认为，认同感的一个功能是为我们提供一种感知器官，来把握和整合我们周围世界的复杂方面。对弗雷德来说，他为自己提供的偏执建构不仅理解了他痛苦和沮丧的生活经历，还为他提供了一个框架，使他能够整合自己对周围世界的经验。它为他提供了感受性和意识，使他能够形成一种世界观，赋予他目标感、方向感和意义感。弗雷德对激进政治和革命信条的承诺不仅仅是一种理智上的回答，而且塑造了他存在的模式和意义。 I would like to add a further note to this consideration of Fred's paranoid construction—one that I think has real significance in the consideration of paranoid patients. The paranoid construction was, in addition to the above features, an essential element in the maintenance of Fred's sense of autonomy. Paranoid autonomy is a fragile autonomy at best, really a pseudoautonomy. But the paranoid construction gives it some vitality and support. Autonomy is achieved only in terms of the oppositional defense against external forces. Autonomy is maintained in the struggle against the enemy—in fact maintains itself only in the struggle with the enemy. When the struggle ends autonomy ends. There is, therefore, an inner necessity to have and preserve an enemy against which one can struggle. Not to have an enemy is to lose autonomy (pseudoautonomy)—to lose a sense of oneself as an independent agent, an independent reality. It is to be swallowed up and become as nothing. In this light Fred's intense fear of being "co-opted" or aligned with the establishment enemy, and his intense need to fight against and strike out at every manifestation of the enemy can be seen as more readily understandable. 我想对弗雷德偏执建构的考虑再补充一点，我认为这一点在考虑偏执患者时具有真正的意义。除了上述特征外，偏执建构还是维持弗雷德自主感的一个基本要素。偏执的自主性充其量只是一种脆弱的自主性，实际上是一种伪自主性。但是偏执建构赋予它一些活力和支持。自主性只有在反对外部势力的防御中才能实现。自主性在与敌人的斗争中得以维持——事实上，它只有在与敌人的斗争中才能维持自身。当斗争结束时，自主性也就结束了。因此，内心必然需要并保留一个可以与之斗争的敌人。没有敌人就是失去自主性（伪自主性）——失去作为独立个体、独立现实的自我感。它会被吞噬，变得一无所有。从这个角度来看，弗雷德对“被拉拢”或与当权敌人结盟的强烈恐惧，以及对抗击和打击敌人每一次表现的强烈需求，都可以被看作更容易理解的。