Narcissistic Substratum 自恋的基础 It is important to realize that the paranoid process builds on a substratum. The substratum in this case—as in all the cases we are considering—is narcissism. It seems to me that an excessive and pathological narcissism is an unavoidable consequence and concomitant of the impairment of separation and individuation processes in early life.The child learns to relinquish primitive narcissism to the extent that he is able to develop independent and autonomous resources for gratification and self-satisfaction. If that is not possible or is thwarted for one or another reason—and in the face of the threatened loss and abandonment of the gratifying objects—narcissism remains a predominant aspect of the psychic economy and comes to exercise a pathological influence. 重要的是要认识到偏执过程是建立在某种基础之上的。正如我们分析的所有案例一样，这个案例的基础是自恋。在我看来，过度病态的自恋是早期生活中分离和个体化过程受损的不可避免的后果和伴随物。孩子学会放弃原始的自恋，直到他能够为满足和自我满足开发独立自主的资源。如果这是不可能的，或者因为这样或那样的原因而受阻——面对着令人满意的事物的失去和放弃的威胁——自恋仍然是精神经济的一个主要方面，并开始发挥病态的影响。 In Gloria's case we can recognize its influence in her continuing wish for and expectation of the gratification of affection and loving closeness from her parents. This expectation in regard to the primary objects became generalized as she grew older. She expected to be liked and sought after and courted by the people around her. The inevitable disappointment of these expectations underlay the continuing sense of rage that had to be managed by pathological mechanisms of introjection and projection. The pathological aspect of such narcissism is that the patient continues to entertain such excessive expectations, even when it is clear objectively and to the patient that they are doomed to frustration and disappointment. The effect of such narcissism is to draw the patient to cling to this continuing state of disappointment and rage. One often sees something similar in severely depressed patients, although as a rule in paranoid patients the narcissism is more primitive and rigidly maintained. Paranoid patients do not want to give up their sense of entitlement and their basic sense of outraged justice. They are reluctant to compromise their expectations. Instead of facing the reality of an ungiving mother whose resources for affection and loving responsiveness were severely limited, Gloria clung to her implicit belief that in some manner she could get from her mother what she wanted. She clung to that belief and its painful consequences, rather than find other sources of gratification and affection for herself. 在格洛丽亚的例子中，我们可以认识到它的影响，她一直希望和期待从父母那里得到爱和亲密的满足。随着她年龄的增长，这种对主要客体的期望变得泛化了。她希望被周围的人喜欢、追求和奉承。这些期望不可避免地会带来失望，这就构成了持续的愤怒感的基础，这种愤怒感必须由内摄和投射的病态机制来控制。这种自恋的病态之处在于，患者会继续抱有过高的期望，即使对患者来说，他们注定会感到沮丧和失望这事客观上已经很清楚了。这种自恋的结果是让病人坚持这种持续的失望和愤怒的状态。人们经常在重度抑郁症患者身上看到类似的情况，尽管偏执患者的自恋通常更为原始，也更为顽固。偏执患者不愿放弃他们的权利感和愤愤不平的正义感。他们不愿降低自己的期望。格洛丽亚没有面对她有一个无情的母亲的现实，这个母亲的感情和爱的反应能力都受到了严重的限制。格洛丽亚坚持她隐含的信念——她可以通过某种方式从母亲那里得到她想要的东西。她坚持这种信念及其痛苦的后果，而没有为自己找到其他的满足和爱的来源。