Dialectic of Blame and Responsibility 责备与责任的辩证 That basic dichotomy was paralleled by and underlay a similar dichotomous polarization which had to do with the dialectic of blame and responsibility that Karen set up in the analysis. It was a dialectic and dichotomization that permeated not only her relationship with me, but the whole fabric of her existence. The alternatives were seen decisively by her either in terms of self-blame, and therefore self-deficiency and failure, or in terms of the externalized view, which cast the blame for her pain and disappointment and the responsibility for the narcissistic insult and trauma that she continually experienced on external agents—her mother, her father, her male friends, her director, her analyst, etc., etc. 这种基本的两分法与卡伦在分析中建立的责备和责任的辩证法相平行，并构成了类似的两分法两极化的基础。这是一种辩证法和二分法，不仅渗透在她和我的关系中，而且渗透在她存在的整个结构中。在她看来，选择要么是自责，并因此而自我缺陷和失败，要么是外部化的观点,把对她痛苦、失望、不断地经历的自恋的侮辱和创伤的责备,放到外部人员头上——她的母亲,她的父亲,她的男性朋友,她的领导,她的分析师,等等。 The dichotomization of inside versus outside followed the typical pattern of either-or, all-or-nothing thinking which reflects so graphically the underlying narcissistic dynamics. The inner logic of her narcissistic position dictated that she should be omnipotently influential, and therefore responsible, so that she could become the totally responsible agent of her own pain and agony—or alternatively, she was to be the totally impotent and helpless victim of the omnipotent power of outside agencies. Clinicians are familiar with these coextensive polarizations of omnipotence and impotence in particular forms of narcissistic personalities. The polarities are frequently identifiable in more primitive personality organizations, significantly in borderline personalities, although the defective structural aspects are missing in the present case. The basis of Karen's dichotomous thinking was clearly the underlying narcissistic fixation. 内部和外部的二分法遵循了非此即彼、全有或全无的典型思维模式，这种思维模式生动地反映了潜在的自恋动力。她自恋心位的内在逻辑决定了她应该具有无所不能的影响力，并因此而负责任，这样她可以成为为自己痛苦完全负责任的代理——或者，她将成为外部机构无所不能的力量的完全无能为力的受害者。临床医生熟悉这些在特殊形式的自恋人格中广泛的两极分化的全能和无能的。在较为原始的人格组织中，极性常常可以被识别出来，在边缘人格中尤为明显，尽管在本例中缺失了结构方面的缺陷。卡伦二分法思维的基础显然是潜在的自恋固着。 Karen's clinging to these polarized and dichotomized alternatives served the intense interests of her defensive alignment. It proved exceedingly difficult to break through the logic of this schema. Again and again in the course of the analysis, when we reached the impasse created by this dichotomy, it was necessary to confront her insistence on the dichotomy and to point out the distortions it created. Clearly enough there was sufficient truth in the externalized accusations that she made. It was unavoidably true that in many instances specific figures in her environment had placed their own narcissistic interests ahead of hers. It was true and relatively unarguable that there were inherent in our culture a variety of attitudes which devalued and disadvantaged women. It was also relatively true that there were at loose certain prejudicial attitudes toward intelligent professional women, as Karen so bitterly complained. 卡伦对这些两极化和两分法的选择的坚持，为她的防御同盟提供了强烈的利益。事实证明，要打破这种模式的逻辑是极其困难的。在分析过程中，当我们一次又一次地陷入这种二分法所造成的僵局时，有必要正视她对这种二分法的坚持并指出它所造成的扭曲。很明显，她所作的那些外部化的指控有充分的事实根据。不可避免的是，在许多情况下，她周围的特定人物把他们自己的自恋利益置于她的利益之上。我们的文化中固有着各种贬低妇女和使妇女处于不利地位的态度，这也是真的和相对不容置疑的。人们对聪明的职业女性有一定的偏见，就像卡伦强烈抱怨的那样，这也是相对真实的。 The evidence and the attitudes regarding the cultural and psychological stereotypes dictating an inconsistency between the role of the educated and profesionally competent woman and the prevailing cultural expectation for femininity and feminine behavior have been discussed by Horner (1970). She writes: Horner(1970)讨论了关于文化和心理刻板印象的证据和态度，这些文化和心理刻板印象决定了受过教育和专业能力强的妇女的作用与对女性气质和女性行为的普遍文化期望之间的矛盾。她写道: As a whole, society has been unable to reconcile personal ambition, accomplishment, and success with femininity. The more successful or independent a woman becomes, the more afraid society is that she has lost her femininity and therefore must be a failure as a wife and mother. She is viewed as a hostile and destructive force within the society. On the other hand, the more successful a man is in his work(as reflected in his high status, salary, and administrative powers—all of which are in keeping with his masculinity), the more attractive he becomes as a spouse and father. Whereas men are unsexed by failure, women seem to be unsexed by success(p.55). 作为一个整体，社会已经无法调和个人野心、成就、成功与女性气质。一个女人越成功或独立，社会就越担心她失去了女性气质，因此她一定是一个失败的妻子和母亲。她被看作是社会上的一股敌对和破坏力量。另一方面，一个男人在工作上越成功(反映在他的高地位、高薪水和行政权力上——所有这些都与他的男子气概相符)，他作为配偶和父亲就越有吸引力。男人因失败而无性别特征，而女人似乎因成功而无性别特征(p.55)。 But quite clearly in none of these defensive positions that Karen so strenuously adopted and defended were the points at issue to be misconstrued as the significant focuses of our analytic concern. I was constantly in the position of granting her the substance of her externalized complaint and having to work then to refocus the issue in terms of the threat or anxiety or feelings of vulnerability and victimization that formed such a significant component of her internal response to such external situations. In the face of her constant effort to force the analysis and me into superego positions, I had to work strenuously to maintain a position of neutrality, constantly trying to maintain a position in which my observations and interpretations were not to be taken as criticisms or accusations, but rather points of observation that she and I might jointly and collaboratively consider and investigate. 但是很明显，在卡伦如此努力地采取和捍卫的这些防御立场中，没有一个是我们分析关注的重要焦点。我一直处在这样的位置上，给她外部化抱怨提供实质，以及努力将问题聚焦在威胁、焦虑，或者脆弱、受害的感觉上，这些东西构成了她对外部环境的内部回应的一个重要成分。面对她不断将分析和我逼迫到超我的立场,我不得不努力保持中立的地位,不断地试图保持一个位置，在那里我的观察和解释并不被视为批评或指责,而是成为这样的观察点，在那里她和我可能共同协同考虑和调查。 Once the rudiments of the therapeutic alliance had been established, it became relatively a simple matter to expand and consolidate the areas of alliance, and correspondingly the intense defensiveness and guardedness that had been so characteristic of the previous analytic course became minimized. It was only then that the significant analytic work could be done. Then clarifications and interpretations began to have a discriminable and significant therapeutic impact. More significantly, it was only then that the intensely defensive split that she maintained between the vulnerable, victimized, feminine aspects of her self, and the strong, coping, controlling and aggressively destructive aspects of her self could begin to be modified and ameliorated. Correlative to this modification of inner defensive postures and introjective alignments, there became available a significantly greater potential for positive and constructive identifications—particularly and specifically with the analyst. 一旦建立了治疗联盟的基础，扩大和巩固联盟的范围就变得相对简单，相应地，先前分析课程所特有的强烈的防御和防范也就被减到最小。只有在那时，才能完成重要的分析工作。然后，澄清和解释开始有一个可辨别的和重要的治疗影响。更重要的是，直到那时，她才开始在自己脆弱、受害、女性化的一面和坚强、应对、控制和侵略性破坏性的一面之间保持着的强烈的防御分裂，才开始改变和改善。与这种内在防御姿态和内摄对齐的改变相关，出现了一种显著地更大的积极和建设性认同的潜力，特别是与分析者的认同。