Separation and Abandonment 分离和遗弃 Her relationship with her father was largely conditioned by the circumstances of his career and the recurrent and inevitable comings and departings. For much of her young life, her father was an absent figure; andyet, even in his absence, the whole context of her experience was focused around him as a central and dominating figure. The circumstances of her life were determined by his comings and goings and dictated by his assignments, his career. This determined not only whether he was there, but where she and her mother lived, and under what circumstances, whether on this or that Army base, or with her mother's family, and for how long. Time and again, the whole fabric of Karen's life was disrupted and had to be reorganized due to the demands of her father's Army career. 她和父亲的关系在很大程度上是由他的职业环境和反复出现的、不可避免的归来、离开所决定的。在她小时候的大部分时间里，父亲都是一个缺席的人物;然而，即使在他不在的时候，她的整个经历都围绕着他，把他作为一个中心和主导人物。她的生活环境由他的来去决定，由他的任务和事业决定。这不仅决定了他是否在那里，还决定了她和她母亲住在哪里，在什么情况下，无论是在这个或那个军事基地，还是和她母亲的家人在一起，以及住多久。一次又一次，卡伦的生活被打乱了，由于她父亲从军生涯的需要，她不得不重新组织自己的生活。 The impact of such cycles of separation and reunion has been examined in similar cases (Crumley and Blumenthal,1973). It constitutes a basic interference with the needs and rights of the separated child, and precipitates severe crises which leave their scars on the emerging psychological structure. Early reactions are similar to reactions following loss of a parent by death. The reactions include rage over the desertion, denial of loss, an intense fantasy relationship with the absent parent, persistent efforts at reunion, arousal of irrational guilt and punishment needs, increased separation anxiety and fears of abandonment, splitting of ambivalence and redirection of hostility toward the self, a strong sense of narcissistic injury, and a variety of regressive symptoms. 在类似的案例中也研究过这种分离和重聚周期的影响(Crumley和Blumenthal,1973)。它构成对分离儿童的需要和权利的基本干扰，并促成严重的危机，给正在出现的心理结构留下创伤。早期的反应类似于父母去世后的反应。遗弃的反应包括愤怒、拒绝损失,强烈的幻想与缺失父母的关系,对团聚不懈努力,非理性的内疚和惩罚需要的唤起,分离焦虑和遗弃恐惧的增加,矛盾心理的分裂和将敌意重定向到自己,强烈的自恋损伤,和各种退化的症状。 During the father's absence in these cases, the remainder of the family tried to compensate for his absence by turning inward, as though nursing a wound. The child took over the father's personality traits in an exaggerated defensive identification. The emotional attachment to an idealized memory of the father also developed. The father's return seemed to reactivate the painful feelings associated with his leaving. Painful adjustments made during his absence had to be undone and new attachments formed. 在这些案例中，父亲不在的时候，家庭的其他成员试图通过闭门不出来弥补他的缺席，就像护理伤口一样。孩子继承了父亲的性格特征，形成了一种夸张的防御性认同。对父亲理想化记忆的情感依恋也在发展。父亲的归来似乎重新激起了与他的离去有关的痛苦情绪。在他离开期间所做的痛苦调整必须取消，并形成新的依恋关系。 This recurrent cycle of departure, absence, and return seemed to affect development in significant ways. Departure was often followed by disobedience, poor school performance, or antisocial behavior. The child often sought punishment, as though he were guilty of driving his father away. Aggressive behavior was often seen in an attempt to resist regressive pulls toward the mother. Less frequently the ambivalent anger and guilty fear of punishment resulted in an overly strict superego. The child would often be overly conscientious and compulsively neat. A number of these children became strikingly depressed with persistent themes of helplessness, powerlessness and impotence. The mother's depression was also frequently a prominent part of the picture. Finally, the child's relationship with the mother became regularly more difficult. The rage over the loss of the father was split off and directed toward the mother, making the relationship with her increasingly ambivalent and difficult. 这种反复出现的离开、缺席和归来的循环似乎在很大程度上影响着发展。分离后，往往会出现不服从、学习成绩不佳或反社会行为。这孩子经常寻求惩罚，好像他把父亲赶走是有罪的。攻击性行为通常被认为是为了抵抗朝向母亲的退化拉力[可能是这个意思：父亲走了，孩子就会依赖母亲，这与之前长大过程中与母亲的逐渐疏远是背道而驰的，属于退化。为了对抗这种退化，孩子才表现出攻击性]。很少有矛盾的愤怒和对惩罚的内疚恐惧导致过分严格的超我。孩子经常会过度认真，强迫自己保持整洁。这些孩子中有许多人变得异常抑郁，他们的主题一直是无助、无力和无能。母亲的抑郁也常常是画面的一个突出部分。最后，孩子与母亲的关系经常变得更加困难。失去父亲的愤怒被分离出来，指向母亲，使她与母亲的关系越来越矛盾和困难。 Obviously, many of these findings are quite consistent with the pattern of development we have been able to trace in the present case. Indeed, we might well be able to add Karen to the list, since so many of the effects experienced by these "Army brats" were identifiable in her case equally well. The fact of the recurrent cycle of loss and reunion, therefore, has its determinable effects. But we must remind ourselves that it was not merely these external circumstances that carried the burden of her pathology—even though the evidence would suggest that the circumstances provided a highly influential context. More significant—and apparently intensified and reinforced by the circumstances—were the personalities of her respective parents as they played themselves out in this unstable and loss-riddled set of life circumstances. 显然，其中许多发现与我们在本病例中能够追踪到的发展模式相当一致。的确，我们很有可能把卡伦也列入名单，因为这些“军队孩子”所经历的许多影响，在她的案例中都能很好地识别出来。因此，反复出现的失而复得的循环有其确定的影响。但是，我们必须提醒自己，不仅仅是这些外部环境承载着她的病理负担——尽管有证据表明，这些环境提供了一个非常有影响力的背景。更重要的——显然是被当时的环境所强化的——是她父母各自的性格，因为他们在这种不稳定、充满损失的生活环境中尽情发挥。