Paranoid Style 偏执风格 We have discussed the paranoid process as a style of cognition and experience. We would like to focus on the elements in Ann's experience which might have contributed to her development of the paranoid style. We have placed considerable emphasis on the aspects of Ann's development and experience within the family that impaired her sense of trust and autonomy. As we have suggested, the paranoid style has specific roots in these developmental impairments. But there were other elements in Ann's family milieu that might have played an important role. For one, there was a characteristic pattern of blaming that dominated the interactions in the family. The interaction between mother and father seemed to be one of a continual effort on the part of both parents to blame each other for their problems and resentments. The blaming was particularly intense on the part of Ann's mother. No one in this family was willing or able to accept any responsibility for his or her own unhappiness and inadequacy. The blaming on all sides was active, angry, vicious, and bitterly resentful. 我们已经讨论过偏执过程作为一种认知和体验的方式。我们想把重点放在安娜经历中的一些要素，它们可能促成了她偏执风格的发展。我们非常重视安娜在家庭中的发展和经历，这些东西都削弱了她的信任感和自主性。正如我们所指出的，偏执风格在这些发展障碍中有着特定的根源。但安娜的家庭环境中还有其他因素可能发挥了重要作用。首先，有一种典型的责备模式主导着家庭中的互动。父母之间的互动似乎是双方不断努力的结果之一，双方都努力将自己的问题和怨恨归咎于对方。安娜的母亲一方的指责尤其强烈。这个家庭中没有人愿意或能够为自己的不幸和不足承担任何责任。各方的指责都是积极的、愤怒的、恶毒的、怨恨的。 The amount of prejudice that was reflected in parental attitudes is also worthy of note. The parents were solidly Jewish and adopted a somewhat ghettoish attitude toward all non-Jews. Non-Jews were regarded as outsiders. The racial prejudice against blacks was also particularly strong. Both parents shared this prejudice, but Ann's mother was most explicit and intense in the expression of her prejudice. She regarded blacks as lazy, filthy, immoral, sexually perverted and promiscuous, worthless, and something less than human. Ann's response to these prejudices was curious. She feltambivalent about her own Jewishness—vacillating between wanting to deny her Jewish background and wanting to cling to it, between wanting to date Jewish boys and finding them repulsive. Part of her attitude embraced a distinction between "nice Jews" and kikes. She saw herself and her family as nice Jews; this had to do with the fact they could count several doctors in her family's relations. This attitude was transparently her mother's. Her attitude toward blacks was also a reflection of her mother's prejudice. It was interesting, therefore, that Ann should compare herself with such lowly creatures—as if to ask whether she was a worthy object of her mother's hate and prejudice. The prejudice in Ann reflects the extent of her internalization of her mother's attitudes and values, not only about other people and social groups, but about herself as well. 父母态度中所反映出的偏见也值得注意。他们的父母是坚定的犹太人，对所有非犹太人都采取了某种犹太主义的态度。非犹太人被视为局外人。对黑人的种族偏见也特别强烈。父母双方都有这种偏见，但安娜的母亲在表达她的偏见时是最明确和强烈的。她认为黑人懒惰、肮脏、不道德、性变态、淫乱、毫无价值、不像人类。安娜对这些偏见的反应很奇怪。她对自己的犹太身份感到矛盾——在想要否认自己的犹太背景和想要坚持自己的犹太背景之间犹豫不决，在想要和犹太男孩约会和发现他们令人反感之间犹豫不决。她的态度中有一部分包含了“好犹太人”和犹太佬之间的区别。她认为自己和家人都是好的犹太人;这与他们能计算出她家有几位医生有关。这种态度显然是她母亲的态度。她对黑人的态度也反映了她母亲的偏见。因此，有趣的是，安娜竟把自己与如此卑微的生物作比较——仿佛要问她是否值得成为母亲憎恨和偏见的对象。安娜的偏见反映了她对母亲的态度和价值观的内化程度，不仅是关于他人和社会群体的，而且也包括关于自己的。 Thus the human environment that provided the context for Ann's developmental experience not only brought certain influences to bear that impeded her inner growth, but also impressed on her a style of thinking and of organizing her experience. The elements of envy, jealousy, and prejudice that permeated the atmosphere of this family were efforts on the part of these individuals to redeem and restitute the sense of loss, deprivation, and inadequacy and wounded narcissism that each harbored within. The exercise of this pattern in the relationship between Ann and the other members of her family brought about the same inner inadequacy in her as well. The introjection that provides the basis for this inner sense of inadequacy also provided Ann with the mechanisms of defense against the painful affects connected with it. The process of this assimilation is one that we cannot determine in this material, but it undoubtedly embraces complex processes of learning, modeling, and imitative effects, as well as the important processes of internalization we have discussed. For Ann, the style of organizing her experience was brought into the service of defensive needs that responded to a primitive disorganization of her personality. The paranoid mechanisms were thereby organized into a psychotic defense, and issued into a frankly psychotic paranoid construction and paranoid delusion. 因此，为安娜的发展经验提供背景的人类环境不仅给她带来了一定的影响，阻碍了她的内在成长，而且也给她留下了一种思维方式和组织经验的方式。弥漫在这个家庭气氛中的羡慕、嫉妒和偏见的因素，就是家中每个人努力去弥补和恢复他们内心所隐藏的失落感、被剥夺感、不足感和受伤的自恋的结果。这种模式在安娜和其他家庭成员之间的关系中的运用，也给她带来了同样的内在缺陷。内摄为这种内在的不足感提供了基础，也为安娜提供了抵御与之相关的痛苦影响的机制。这种同化的过程是我们无法在材料中确定的，但它无疑包含了复杂的学习、建模和模仿效果的过程，以及我们已经讨论过的内化的重要过程。对安娜来说，组织她的经历的方式被用于防御需求，以回应她性格的原始混乱。偏执的机制因此被组织成一种精神病性的防御，并成为一种直白的精神病性的偏执结构和偏执妄想。