Parental Attitude 父母态度 While the undermining of developmental processes was having its ultimately devastating effect and was contributing to the basically schizophrenic process, it is central to our concern here to try to focus the elements that contributed to the paranoid pattern of Bob's illness. It is the fundamental working hypothesis in this study that certain basic processes are at work in the family structure which both reflect the impairment in the level of functioning of parental egos and also determine a pattern or style of family interaction which contributes to the emergence of certain patterns of defensive organization in the affected child. The tendency to assimilate this pattern of defense is linked to the relative susceptibility of the child in the family system. Insofar as the child remains an undifferentiated part of the family emotional system and is thus subject to the intense influence of the family projection process, he becomes liable to the assimilation of the unconscious (and sometimes conscious) patterns of defense that are generated in the family system. 虽然对发展过程的破坏最终产生了毁灭性的影响，并导致了基本上是精神分裂的过程，但我们此处关注的中心是试图聚焦于导致鲍勃疾病的偏执型模式的因素。本研究的基本假设是，某些基本过程在家庭结构中起作用，这些过程既反映了父母自我功能水平的损害，也决定了一种家庭互动的模式或风格，这种模式或风格促成了在受影响的儿童中出现某些防御性组织模式。吸收这种防御模式的倾向与孩子在家庭体系中的相对易感性有关。只要孩子仍然是家庭情感系统中没有分化的一部分，受到家庭投射过程的强烈影响，他就容易吸收家庭系统中产生的无意识(有时是有意识的)防御模式。 What stands out in the history of this family are the relatively pathological attitudes which characterize the respective parents. The father's pervading set regarding the world in which he lives is one of hostility, guardedness, suspicion, distrustfulness, and ruthless competitiveness. He lives by the motto, "Do unto others before they do unto you!" Homo homini lupus! The father regards all other human beings as actual or potential competitors who are out to get him or hurt him in some way. He has no meaningful, rewarding, positive and loving human relationships. Even his relationship with his wife is filled with conflict and demeaning hostility. The only hint of positive feeling in his relationships is in relation to his daughters—and that is only a hint. There are undoubtedly historical antecedents and determinants of this set of mind in his own life experience. But an explanation in terms of hard times and the need to compete for economic survival carries us only part of the way. I would feel it necessary to think in terms of a hyperaggressive and hyperhostile defense against inner feelings of vulnerability and helplessness. These feelings are strongly repressed and denied, but the pattern of his life reflects the strength of his defenses, which answer to the intensity of the denied needs. He defends himself against the inner tender feelings which threaten him with dependency and vulnerability. Thus he needs to see the world and all of those in it as predators and sources of threat that must be attacked to preserve oneself. 在这个家庭的历史中，突出的是各自父母的相对病态的态度。父亲对他所生活的世界的看法是充满敌意、警惕、怀疑、不信任和无情的竞争。他的座右铭是:“在别人对你动手之前，先对别人动手!”对于人，他人就是狼![拉丁文谚语，意为Man is wolf to man]父亲把所有其他的人都看作是真正的或潜在的竞争对手，他们想要以某种方式得到他或伤害他。他没有有意义的、值得的、积极的、有爱的人际关系。甚至他和妻子的关系也充满了冲突和贬低的敌意。在他的人际关系中，唯一的积极感觉是在与女儿的关系中——这只是一个暗示。毫无疑问，这种心态在他自己的生活经历中有历史的前因后果和决定因素。但是，从艰难时期和为了经济生存而竞争的需要来解释，只是其中的一部分。我觉得有必要从对内心的脆弱和无助感的超攻击性和超敌意的防御来考虑。这些情感被强烈地压抑和否定，但他的生活模式反映了他的防御力量，这回应了被否定的需求的强度。他抵御内心的柔情，这些柔情用依赖和脆弱来威胁他。因此，他需要把这个世界和世界上的所有人视为掠食者和威胁的来源，必须攻击他们以保护自己。 If we turn to the mother's attitudes and defensive needs, we do not come off any better. The sense of inadequacy and vulnerability permeates her style of life and her window on the world. She felt inadequate as a wife and as a mother. She functioned more as a submissive body slave to her husband than as a wife. Yet in the same degree that she was submissive and compliant to him, she was controlling and demanding in relation to her children. It was as though she cloaked herself in her family in order to protect herself from the outside world. She had few friends, no outside interests—she wrapped herself in her family and made that the proving ground for her self-esteem and adequacy. Her investment in religion has important implications in this regard. Her adherence to orthodox Jewish beliefs and practices carries with it the overtones of her need for masochistic surrender. This was undoubtedly protective and supportive for her, since it allowed her to integrate her inner self-perception and her need to submit and suffer with a community of shared belief. However adaptive this may have been for her, it must only have served to reinforce the operation of the projective system in the family. It communicated from another direction the implicit assumption of the family existing in a position of precarious defenselessness as the objects of persecutory hostility from the surrounding community of non-Jews. 如果我们转向母亲的态度和防御需求，我们不会变得更好。这种不足感和脆弱感渗透在她的生活方式和她的世界之窗中。她觉得作为一个妻子和母亲，她是不够的。她的作用与其说是妻子，不如说是丈夫顺从的身体奴隶。然而，如同她对丈夫顺从和依从的程度，她对她的孩子们也是控制和苛刻的。她好像把自己裹在家人的外衣里，以保护自己不受外界的影响。她没有什么朋友，也没有什么业余爱好——她把自己沉浸在家庭中，并以此来证明自己的自尊和能力。她对宗教的投资在这方面具有重要的意义。她对正统犹太信仰和实践的坚持带有她需要受虐投降的暗示。这无疑对她是一种保护和支持，因为它让她把内心的自我认知和她的需要结合起来，让她在一个共同的信念社区中屈服和受苦。无论这对她来说是多么的适应，它只能加强家庭中投射系统的运作。它从另一个方向传达了这样一种隐含的假设：作为周围非犹太人社区迫害敌意的对象，这个家庭处于一种岌岌可危的毫无防御能力的地位。 Thus the integration of the respective parental needs and defenses set a pattern that permeated the family system and was projected to the children, affecting the most involved child, Bob, most intensely. In terms of Bob's own inner psychic economy, he internalized—introjectively and defensively—the pattern that permeated the family system. This can be in part delineated in terms of introjective elements that derive from both parents. He makes the defensive conflicts of both parents part of his own inner psychic economy. If we can speak loosely of his identificatory pattern, we find that he has assimilated the weakness and vulnerability and dependency from both parents—more conscious in the mother than in the father, more defended against in the father than in the mother. In making this identification, he effectively introjects the weaknesses of both parents, rather than their strengths. Rather than building the strength of the ego, his introjections introduce fragmentation and conflict into his own inner economy. This unavoidably limits the potential for inner growth. 因此，父母各自的需求和防御相结合，形成了一种模式，这种模式渗透到家庭系统中，并投射到孩子身上，强烈地影响了参与其中最多的孩子鲍勃。就鲍勃自己的内部心理经济而言，他内化了——内摄性地和防御性地——渗透在家庭体系中的模式。这在一定程度上可以用来自双亲的内摄元素来描述。他把父母双方的防御性冲突作为自己内部心理经济的一部分。如果我们可以随意地谈论他的认同模式，我们会发现他吸收了父母双方的弱点、脆弱和依赖——母亲比父亲更有意识，父亲比母亲更防御。在进行这种认同时，他有效地内摄了父母双方的弱点，而不是他们的优点。他的内摄不但没有建立起自我的力量，反而给他的内部经济带来了分裂和冲突，这不可避免地限制了内在成长的潜力。