Paranoid Elements 偏执元素 In such marriages—as Lidz'(1965) studies have suggested—the parents were often in open conflict, with each of the parents trying to undercut the worth of the other and each competing in a sense for the daughter's allegiance in the struggle. The mother's tendency for impoverished self-esteem and sense of inadequacy as woman and wife tends to be continually reinforced and intensified by the husband's derogation of her worth. She inevitably finds it impossible to maintain her position in the face of a dominating husband who may be quite grandiose—if not frankly paranoid—and who is often embittered because he does not receive the narcissistic gratification he requires from an admiring and submissive wife. The mother is thus thrust into an anxious and uncertain position in regard to her daughter. She is insecure about her capacity to function as a woman and mother, she is anxious about her capacity to raise her daughter, she often feels ill at ease with her daughter—possibly because of unexpressed homosexual concerns—and thus remains distant and aloof. As Lidz et al. (1965) point out, however, these mothers are not rejecting in the ordinary sense. They aspire to be good mothers, but their efforts are impeded by their anxiety, their unhappiness, and at times by their jealousy of their husbands' seductive interest in the daughter. The mother's aloofness impairs proper Oedipal attachments and distorts the identificatory processes between daughter and mother. Few of these mothers were psychotic, but rather tended toward a picture of resentful depression, perplexity, vagueness, and an imperviousness to the daughters' needs and feelings. Lidz(1965)的研究表明，在这样的婚姻中，父母双方经常处于公开的冲突中，双方都试图削弱对方的价值，在某种意义上，双方都在竞争女儿的拥护。作为女人和妻子，母亲往往缺乏自尊，并有不足感，而丈夫贬低她的价值又往往使这种倾向不断加强和加剧。她不可避免地发现，在一个专横的丈夫面前，保持自己的地位是不可能的。这个丈夫可能很夸大——如果不是坦率地说偏执的话——而且常常因为没有从一个爱慕她、顺从她的妻子那里得到他所需要的自恋的满足而感到痛苦。因此，母亲对她的女儿就陷入了焦虑和不确定的境地。她对自己作为一个女人和母亲的能力没有安全感，她对自己抚养女儿的能力感到焦虑，她经常对女儿感到不自在，这可能是因为未表达的同性关注，因此她仍然保持着距离和冷漠。然而，正如Lidz等人(1965)所指出的，这些母亲并不是在普通意义上的排斥。她们渴望成为好母亲，但她们的努力受到焦虑、不快乐和有时嫉妒丈夫对女儿的诱惑的阻碍。母亲的冷漠破坏了正常的俄狄浦斯依恋，扭曲了女儿与母亲之间的认同过程。这些母亲中很少有精神病患者，而是倾向于一种充满怨恨的抑郁、困惑、模糊，以及对女儿的需求和情感的冷漠。 The fathers in these families were frequently paranoid or had clear-cut paranoid tendencies. They were highly narcissistic men who had strongly developed needs for admiration and approval. Often when they failed to get the obedience, loyalty, and admiration they demanded from their wives, they would turn to the daughter—many times in highly seductive ways bordering on incest—to gain what they needed from her. There was reasonably good evidence to suggest that Clare's father was rather paranoid. He was a suspicious and distrustful man, and his angry rages had a definite paranoid tinge to them. There was little doubt that he fitted the pattern often found in fathers of schizophrenic daughters. His behavior toward Clare was highly brutalizing and intensely seductive. His flaunting his genitals at her—to the point of naked parading—was highly sexualized for him and for her. Much of his behavior was directed toward gaining narcissistic gratification and admiration from her. He demanded constant compliance with his views, demanded and required that his opinion or view of things be accepted by her as the correct view—regardless of what her thoughts or opinions or feelings might have been—and he brooked no opposition and tolerated no divergent opinions. He also demanded total submission and acceptance of his authority. The incredible rigidity of these needs and the threatened authoritarian posture that is reflected in the episodes at the dinner table give us a valuable insight into the basically paranoid structure of his character. 这些家庭的父亲往往偏执或有明显的偏执倾向。他们是高度自恋的男人，强烈地发展出对赞美和认同的需求。通常，当他们无法从妻子那里得到他们所要求的服从、忠诚和钦佩时，他们就会转向女儿——很多时候是以近乎乱伦的极具诱惑力的方式——从她那里得到他们所需要的东西。有相当充分的证据表明克莱尔的父亲相当偏执。他是一个多疑、不信任的人，他那愤怒的狂怒显然带有偏执的色彩。毫无疑问，他符合那些患有精神分裂症的女儿的父亲身上经常发现的模式。他对克莱尔的态度非常粗野，而且非常诱惑。对他和她来说，他向她炫耀他的生殖器——到了裸体游行的地步——是高度性意味的。他的大部分行为都是为了从她那里得到自恋的满足和赞赏。他要求她始终服从他的意见，要求她接受他对事物的意见或看法，把它当作正确的意见——不管她的思想、意见或感情可能是什么——他不容忍任何反对的情绪，也不容忍任何分歧的意见。他还要求完全地服从和接受他的权威。这些需求令人难以置信的刚性，以及在餐桌上反映出来的受到威胁的专制主义姿态，让我们得以深入了解他性格中本质上上偏执的结构。