THE CONCEPT OF PROCESS 过程的概念 Our concern at this point in the development of the argument is to focus the problem of paranoia specifically in terms of the concept of "process." We are concerned even more specifically with formulating a concept of the paranoid process which will bear the weight of a series of implications which seem to be intimately attached to the nature of the paranoid process itself. 探讨发展到此刻，我们关注的是把偏执问题看成一个“过程”。我们关心的是提炼偏执过程的概念，这个概念将承受那些看起来与偏执过程本身的性质密切相关的一连串含义。 This shift in emphasis to a consideration of process would seem to be a consistent extension of identifiable trends in psychoanalytic thinking. Along one line of development, the emphasis in analytic conceptualization has moved from a concern with diagnosis as such to an emphasis on underlying mechanisms. In the history of the development of psychoanalysis this has usually taken the form of focusing on defense mechanisms, but in a contemporary framework the consideration is much broader. Under the stimulus provided by the conceptual development of a more consistent and sophisticated ego psychology, considerably greater emphasis has been placed on the study of ego functions and their operations, either as isolated psychological phenomena or as coordinated into meaningful patterns. Thus considerably greater emphasis in recent times has been placed on the study of perceptual and cognitive functions within a psychoanalytic framework. 强调重点向过程转变，似乎是精神分析思想中可识别趋势的一致延伸。沿着发展的方向，分析概念化的重点已经从关注诊断本身转移到关注潜在的机制。在精神分析发展的历史中，这通常表现为关注防御机制，但在当代的框架中，考虑的范围更广。在更一致和更复杂的自我心理学的概念发展所提供的刺激下，对自我功能及其运作的研究，得到了相当大的重视，无论是作为孤立的心理现象，还是被协调成有意义的模式。因此，近年来在精神分析框架内对知觉和认知功能的研究得到了相当大的重视。 Along another line of historical development, emphasis in psychoanalysis has shifted from a concern with a level of symptomatology—focusing on concerns of symptom formation and expression—to a level of greater interest in characterological variables. The emphasis shifts from the interpretation of specific conflicts and psychodynamic patterns to an emphasis on those factors which underlie the formation of character and which pertain more specifically to less intrapsychic and more extrapsychic concerns. This line of development therefore implicates another line of development which can be identified in the history of psychoanalysis. I am referring to the shift from the concern with more specifically instinctual and conflict-based levels of functioning and pathology to a concern with those aspects of the organization and functioning of the personality which are not only formed by, strongly influenced by, and continually interacting with the social and cultural environment within which the personality functions. 沿着另一条历史发展的路线，精神分析的重点已经从关注症状——关注症状的形成和表现——转向更关注性格学变量。重点从对具体冲突和心理动力模式的解释，转移到强调那些构成性格的基础因素，这些因素更具体地属于较少的心理内和较多的心理外关注。因此，这条发展路线包含了精神分析史上的另一条发展路线。我是指这样一种转变，从对本能和基于冲突的功能水平以及病理的关注，转向对人格的组织和运作方面的关注。人格不仅为社会和文化环境所塑造，而且受其强烈的影响，不断地与之互动，并在其中发挥作用。 The emphasis in this area of psychoanalytic thinking falls upon object-relations, but the work of Erikson particularly has made it clear that the psychoanalytic reflection cannot stop simply at the level of object-relations. Object-relations theory, again, becomes a channel through which other important variables are expressed and must be understood. The individual is in a constant process of influence and interaction between himself and his environment. The society within which he lives and the culture which he assimilates and responds to have important and determinative influences on his own personality functioning, not merely in an interactional framework, but more specifically in internal, intrapsychic, and psychodynamic terms. 精神分析思维在这一领域的重点在于客体关系，但埃里克森的著作尤其明确指出，精神分析反思不能仅仅停留在客体关系层面。客体关系理论再次成为其他重要变量得以表达的渠道，必须被搞清楚。个体处在一个不断影响和相互作用的过程中。他所生活的社会和他所吸收和回应的文化对他的人格功能有重要的决定性影响，不仅是在一个相互作用的框架中，更具体地说，是在内在的、心理的和心理动力的背景中。