Superego 超我 I would like to direct attention at this point to the whole question of the introjective pathology and its relationship to the superego. In Freud's original view of paranoia, the projected elements were regarded as specifically superego elements — particularly in the context of external persecutory forces being directed against the ego, or in the frequent paranoid delusion of being watched. The external persecutor, the watchful parent who kept his eyes on the patient and continually surveyed and watched what he was doing, was taken to be the superego. However, it is plain from the material in these cases and the discussion that we have already undertaken, that it is relatively limiting to consider the introjective pathology simply in terms of superego functions. 在这一点上，我想提请大家注意整个内摄性病理及其与超我的关系问题。在弗洛伊德最初的偏执症观点中，被投射的元素被认为是具体的超我元素——特别是在外部迫害力量针对自我的情况下，或者在经常出现的被监视的偏执妄想中。外在的迫害者，也就是一直盯着病人，不断打量和观察他所做的事情的监视性父母，被认为是超我。但是，从这些病例的材料和我们已经进行的讨论中可以看出，简单地从超我功能的角度来考虑内摄性病理是比较局限的。 If it is true that paranoid patients tend to project part of the inner persecutory introjects to the external realm and respond to it as threatened and helpless victims, it is also true that the paranoid patient can project the introjective content of victimized helplessness to the external world and relate to it in terms of his more powerful and dangerously destructive introspective potential. As we shall see in more detail later in our discussion, the introjects are susceptible to projection regardless of their content. 如果说偏执患者倾向于将内心的部分迫害性内摄物投射到外部领域，并以受威胁和无助的受害者的身份作出反应，那么，偏执患者也可以将受害无助的内摄性内容投射到外部世界，并以他更强大、更危险的破坏性内省潜能与之相关。我们在后面的讨论中会更详细地看到，无论内摄物的内容如何，都容易被投射出来。 If we regard the internal structure of the paranoid as being compounded of a severely destructive and powerful superego with a weak, helpless, and victimized ego, we may miss some important aspects of the paranoid dynamics. If it is true that the paranoid ego is weak and vulnerable, it is also true that it is powerful and destructive. There is no question in this regard that the superego is harsh and particularly severe. It manifests its capacity for destructive impact particularly in the depressive phase of the paranoid illness. 如果我们把偏执患者的内部结构看作是由一个具有严重破坏性和强大的超我与一个弱小、无助和受害的自我复合而成，我们可能会忽略偏执动力学的一些重要方面。如果说偏执自体是软弱和脆弱的，那么它是强大和具有破坏性的也是事实。在这方面，毫无疑问，超我是严酷的，特别是严厉的。它特别是在妄想症的抑郁阶段表现出其破坏性影响的能力。 But the determination of the projective content is not a function of the inclusion of introjective content in either superego or ego, but rather is a reflection of the dynamics of the introjects as such. The question of which set of introjective attitudes and contents are subject to projection is determined by other factors. The other question has to do with the alignment of respective introjective contents with ego and superego, as the case may be. I do not think that one can make any hard and fast conclusions about this. The introjects represent quasi-autonomous presences in the psychic economy and they function in terms of quasi-independent, instinctually driven forces. Thus it would seem to me that they can be assimilated to ego functions or to superego functions, as may be dictated by the state of intrapsychic organization. 但投射性内容的确定并不是超我或自我中包含内摄性内容的功能，而是作为内摄物的动力学反映。哪一组内摄性态度和内容被投射，这个问题是由其他因素决定的。另一个问题与各自的内摄内容与自我和超我的对齐有关，视情况而定。我不认为我们可以对此做出任何明确的结论。内摄物代表了心里经济中的准自主存在，它们以准独立的、本能驱动的力量发挥作用。因此，在我看来，它们可以被同化为自我功能，也可以被同化为超我功能，这可能是由心理内组织的状态所决定的。 It has often been said that parental introjects, particularly those derived from the Oedipal situation, are the basis for the formation of the superego as a split-off part of the ego. There is no need to question or deny the process, but it is clear from the foregoing patient material that parental introjects can also be assimilated in a variety of other ways. In the depressive position it seems arguable that the respective introjects line up in clearly delineable ego and superego contexts, the ego being the object of the attack from a destructive and persecutory superego. The question of superego versus ego introjects does not seem to me to be of major moment. But it is clear that the ramifications and implications of the introjective process extend beyond concerns of superego formation, and are intimately and in complex ways also involved in the development of the ego. 人们常说，父母内摄物，特别是来自俄狄浦斯情境的内摄物，是形成超我的基础，是自我的分裂部分。我们没有必要质疑或否认这个过程，但从前述的病人材料中可以清楚地看到，父母内摄物也可以以其他各种方式被同化。在抑郁心位上，似乎可以说，各自的内摄物在可明确划分的自我和超我的背景下排列，自我是破坏性和迫害性的超我的攻击对象。在我看来，超我与自我内摄物的问题似乎并不具有重大意义。但很明显，内摄过程的影响和意义超出了对超我形成的关注，并以复杂的方式密切地参与了自我的发展。