Benign Projection 良性投射 It should be noted that projection is not limited to the externalization of destructive impulses onto a malignant persecutor. Not only is the projection of loving impulses possible, it is an important part of the evolution of the positive object relation, developmentally between child and parent, and therapeutically between patient and therapist. But another frequent pattern of projection is the denial of aggressive wishes or impulses in oneself, together with a displacement of such wishes to extrinsic social agencies or institutions. Thus the state, the police, the armed forces, or other social agencies are permitted the expression of aggression that the individual denies himself. The individual can then see the external agency as victimizing himself, or can protect himself by allying himself with or identifying with the aggressive agency (A. Freud, 1972). 应该指出，投射并不限于将破坏性冲动外化到恶性迫害者身上。爱的冲动的投射不仅是可能的，而且是积极的客体关系演化的重要组成部分，在孩子和父母之间的发展上，以及在病人和治疗师之间的治疗上都是如此。但另一种经常出现的投射模式是否认自己身上的攻击性愿望或冲动，同时将这种愿望转移到外在的社会机构或体制上。因此，国家、警察、武装部队或其他社会机构被允许表达个体自己所否认的攻击性。然后，个体可以将外在机构视为对自己的迫害，也可以通过与攻击机构结盟或认同该机构来保护自己（A.弗洛伊德，1972年）。