Diffuse Projections 弥散的投射 If we look at the projective elements in Fred's case, however, we are struck by the fact that again there is no systematic delusion, but that it is more a question of displacement of the projective elements into social institutions and the general social fabric of his life and experience. It is in that area that he carries out the struggle with the introjected elements which constitute his inner pathology. In his case particularly, then, it is quite difficult to draw the line between projected elements and real ones, which were embedded in the social realities to which he addressed himself and against which he reacted so violently. 然而，如果我们看一下弗雷德病例中的投射元素，我们就会被这样一个事实所打动，那就是同样不存在系统性的妄想，而更多的是投射元素转移到社会制度和他的生活和经验的一般社会结构中 的问题。正是在这一领域，他进行了与构成他内心病态的被内摄元素的斗争。因此，特别是在他的病例中，很难在被投射元素和真实元素之间划出界线，因为投射元素嵌入了他所面对的社会现实，而他对这些现实作出了如此激烈的反应。 Again if we look at the healthiest patients in this series, we are struck by the fact that there are no delusions—let alone systematic delusions—but that there is a definite paranoid flavor to the patient's quality of interaction with the significant figures in his environment. For Jim J., the projective element took the form of a constant expectation that he would be attacked, criticized, put down, humiliated, embarrassed—a whole catalogue of attitudes and threats that he encapsulated in his fear of being "shot down" or "fucked over." It seemed quite clear that the predominant elements in this pervasive and anxiety-provoking disposition stemmed from the intrusive, controlling, critical, and infantilizing attitude of his mother, reinforced and intensified by the rather sadistic, demeaning, and destructive attitude of his older brother. The total impact of this set of attitudes and expectations was to preserve his position as the defective, weak, and failure-doomed baby of the family. 同样，如果我们看一下这个系列中最健康的病人，我们会被这样一个事实所打动，那就是没有妄想——更不用说系统性的妄想了——但病人与环境中重要人物的互动质量却有一种明确的偏执味道。对吉姆来说，投射性元素的形式是，他不断地期望自己会被攻击、被批评、被贬低、被羞辱、被难堪——这是一整套态度和威胁，他把这些态度和威胁概括为他对被 "击倒 "或 "利用 "的恐惧。似乎很清楚，这种普遍的、令人焦虑的倾向的主要元素来自于他母亲的侵入性、控制性、批判性和婴儿化的态度，而他哥哥相当虐待、贬低和破坏性的态度则加强和加剧了这种态度。这一系列态度和期望的总影响是要维护他作为家庭中有缺陷、弱小和注定要失败的婴儿的地位。 For Karen, on the other hand, it was quite clear that her pervasive expectation was that she would be taken advantage of, that people would criticize and devalue her, that they would not value her for her strengths and capacities—particularly for her highly masculinized intellectual capacities—and that somehow or other she would be subjugated and imposed upon. All of this had the overtones of degrading and humiliating submission which she attached so strongly to the victimized "martyr" position that was so strongly evidenced in her mother. It was against this inner core of feminine weakness and vulnerability that she reacted so strongly with aggressive and highly intellectualized defenses. But in both of these cases the projected elements did not operate in terms of a specifiable delusional content, but rather manifested themselves in a generalized characterological attitude or disposition which generated certain projective expectancies. 另一方面，对卡伦来说，很明显，她普遍的期望是，她会被人利用，人们会批评和贬低她，他们不会因为她的长处和能力，特别是她高度男性化的智力能力而重视她，而且她会以某种方式或其他方式被征服和强加于人。所有这一切都带有羞辱和屈服的色彩，她强烈地将这种屈服与她母亲身上强烈体现的受害 "烈士 "地位联系在一起。正是针对这种内在的女性核心弱点和脆弱性，她才会以咄咄逼人和高度知识化的辩护做出如此强烈的反应。但在这两种情况下，被投射的元素并不是以一种可具体说明的妄想内容来运作的，而是表现为一种概括性的性格态度或性格，产生了某些投射性的期望。 Thus, if we examine the spectrum of projective contents which are manifested in these cases in various ways, it becomes evident that projection is far from being a monolithic or simple mechanism, as it has so often been conceptualized or regarded. Rather it must be regarded as a complex set of mental attitudes which both reflects and serves to reinforce the inner introjective elements of the personality organization. It is quite clear, however, despite the variety of contents and forms in which the projections are expressed, that in each case the projective content is on the one hand derived from introjective elements, but on the other seems to play off against and reinforce, by a kind of extrinsic confirmation, the internal alignment of introjective elements. Thus for our analytic patient Jim J., it seems quite clear that his constant anxiety and his expectations of hostility and destructive criticism in all areas of his experience and endeavor serve to confirm and consolidate his own inner view of himself as somehow weak, defective, and destined to failure. 因此，如果我们研究一下在这些情况下以各种方式表现出来的投射内容的范围，就会发现，投射远不是一个单一的或简单的机制，就像人们经常概念化或认为的那样。相反，它必须被看作是一套复杂的心理态度，它既反映了人格组织的内部内摄性元素，又起到了加强这些元素的作用。然而，很明显，尽管投射的内容和形式多种多样，但在每一个病例中，投射的内容一方面来自于内摄性元素，但另一方面似乎又通过一种外在的确认，与内摄性元素的内部对齐相抗衡并得到加强。因此，对于我们的分析病人吉姆来说，似乎很清楚，他持续的焦虑和他对他的经验和努力的所有领域的敌意和破坏性批评的期望，有助于确认和巩固他自己的内在观点，即认为他自己在某种程度上是软弱的、有缺陷的和注定要失败的。