Inner Danger 内部威胁 We must presume at this point that there is also something embedded in the inner workings of the organism that tells it that somehow external danger is preferable to internal danger. As Rochlin puts it, the child "finds it more manageable to cope with a monster of his own making than to carry about within himself his own menace"(1973, p. 176). Presumably the internal danger is based upon the destructive and malignant introject, which has taken its place in the inner world and works its evil magic there (Schafer, 1968b). In the face of that inner presence the ego feels itself to be relatively passive and helpless. The sense of inner destructiveness and evil must be gotten rid of, must be escaped. The ego readily exchanges the sense of inner power and destructiveness for the position of victimhood. Thus the destructive content can be detached from the self-representation and reattached or displaced to the object-representation. In this way the ego creates for itself an enemy, which it can deal with as an external force, rather than as an inner destructiveness. 在这一点上，我们必须假定，在有机体的内部运作中也蕴含着某种东西，它告诉它，在某种程度上，外部危险比内部危险更可取。正如Rochlin所言，儿童 "发现一个自己制造的怪物比起在自己的内心随身携带的威胁更容易应对"(1973，p.176)。据推测，内心的危险是基于破坏性和恶性的内摄物，它已经在内心世界占据了一席之地，并在那里施展其邪恶的魔力(Schafer, 1968b)。面对这种内在的存在，自我觉得自己是相对被动和无助的。内心的破坏感和邪恶感必须被摆脱，必须被逃避。自我很容易用内在的力量感和破坏性来交换受害者的位置。因此，毁灭性的内容可以从自体表征中脱离出来，而重新附着或置换到客体表征上。这样，自我就为自己创造了一个敌人，它可以把它作为一种外部力量，而不是作为一种内在的破坏性来对付。 There is a considerable need in a young child to minimize and deny the intensity of aggressive impulses. As Rochlin (1973) has observed: 幼儿相当需要尽量减少和否认攻击性冲动的强度。正如Rochlin(1973)所指出的： Beginning to deny one's own inclinations does not require that they must first be precisely defined. How great a gap there is between repudiating one's aggressive impulses and attributing them to others, and in the course of it to develop fears of being attacked or menaced, may not handily be stated. But it is characteristically displayed by a child of 3 years. This mental process, "projection" as it is called, is one of the child's earliest and most effective defenses to lighten the burden one's aggressive wishes may create. And it is not readily relinquished in adult life (p. 16). 开始否定自己的倾向，并不要求必须首先准确地界定这些倾向。在否定自己的攻击性冲动和把冲动归咎于他人之间有多大的差距，以及在这一过程中产生对被攻击或威胁的恐惧，可能不容易说清楚。但它是3岁儿童的特征性表现。这种心理过程，也就是所谓的 "投射"，是孩子最早也是最有效的防御手段之一，以减轻自己的攻击性愿望可能造成的负担。而在成年生活中，这种心理过程是不会轻易放弃的(第16页)。 In early childhood the inner resistance to aggressive impulses stems primarily from anxiety and the fear of consequences. The child's natural inclination is to attribute his own inclinations and wishes to all sorts of objects and persons in his environment. Quite typically his aggression comes back to haunt him at bedtime when he faces the fear of darkness and the monstrous and vicious animals which populate it. He is in fact the victim of his own violence. The night terrors and nightmares tend to diminish when the regulating influence of conscience is established. As the inner rule of law is established, there is less need to fear the unconscious destructive wishes. 在幼儿时期，内心对攻击性冲动的抗拒主要源于焦虑和对后果的恐惧。孩子的自然倾向是把自己的倾向和愿望归结于环境中的各种客体和人。很典型的是睡觉时当他面对黑暗和遍布黑暗的怪兽和凶恶的动物时，他的攻击性又回来了。事实上，他是自己暴力的受害者。当良知的调节作用建立后，夜惊和噩梦往往会减少。随着内在法治的建立，就不需要害怕无意识的破坏性愿望。 The law which seems to assert itself in these circumstances is that aggressive impulses are tolerated best and with least conflict when we believe we are the victims of another's hostility. The denial of hostile reactions and the defensive use of projection are a well-known syndrome, and are quite characteristic of ordinary childhood experiences. The objective is not merely to escape from the stigma of destructive impulses, but it aims also at a recovery of the self-esteem whose loss lies at the root of the destructive wish. The destructive impulses are too threatening and serve only to diminish self-esteem. They must be rejected, projected, divorced from all connection with the self. Little Hans could not tolerate his hostility toward his father, but could escape it by imagining himself to be a victim—fear was more tolerable than aggression. Rochlin's (1973) comments are again to the point: 在这些情况下，似乎有一条规律，那就是当我们认为自己是他人敌意的受害者时，攻击冲动得到了最好的容忍，冲突也最少。否认敌意反应和防御性地使用投射是一种众所周知的综合征，也是普通人童年经历中相当有特征的东西。其目的不仅仅是摆脱破坏性冲动的烙印，还旨在恢复自尊，而自尊的丧失是破坏性愿望的根源。破坏性冲动的威胁性太大，只会削弱自尊心。必须拒绝它们，投射它们，脱离与自体的一切联系。小汉斯不能容忍自己对父亲的敌意，但可以通过想象自己是受害者来逃避——恐惧比攻击更容易被容忍。罗克林（1973）的评论又是一针见血： The unconscious use of "projection" together with a "denial" of destructiveness are among the most developed of early childhood defenses. They are the unconscious means, beginning in childhood and carried forward into adult life, by which we may disengage ourselves from being concerned over wishes and impulses which are a source of conflict. To attribute disquieting aims to others and thus unwittingly deny one's egocentric wishes and the aggressive inclinations that issue to support them affords a measure of relief. Under these conditions a child's fear of what might happen to him, a blameless victim of circumstances, are apt to become prominent. Fears, phobias, and nightmares then frequently appear (p. 165). 无意识地使用"投射"以及"否认"破坏性是幼儿期最发达的防御措施之一。它们是无意识的手段，从童年开始，一直延续到成年生活，通过这些手段，我们可以使自己脱离对作为冲突来源的愿望和冲动的关注。把令人不安的目的归咎于他人，从而在不知不觉中否定了自己以自我为中心的愿望，以及支持这些愿望的攻击性倾向，这在一定程度上提供了一种解脱。在这些条件下，一个孩子对可能发生在他身上的事情的恐惧，一个无可指责的环境的受害者，很容易变得突出。害怕、恐惧症和噩梦就会经常出现（第165页）。