Motivational Aspects 动机方面 I am not sure at this point that I find myself in full agreement with the statement of Anna Freud, quoted above, that projection, like repression, may be motivated indifferently by objective anxiety, superego anxiety, and instinctual anxiety. It seems to me that there is no point to projection in reference to objective anxiety, unless it be to paradoxically intensify the anxiety. This may not be true, as we will see of externalization. Nor is it clear to me that projective defense would in any preferential way be exercised against instinctual dread. Nor is it clear to me, in reviewing the patient material that we have been discussing, that the paranoid defense operates with any specificity against superego anxiety or guilt. The question is what serves as the signal affect for the projective defense. It seems to me that it is more likely that the specific signal affect for projection is depression. The depressive position may manifest itself in a variety of ways, including a sense of inner inadequacy, vulnerability, shame, or powerlessness. It does not even seem adequate to express the depressive affect in terms of sadness or sorrow. Rather than a sense of loss, what seems more at issue is a form of narcissistic mortification. 在这一点上，我不确定我自己是否完全同意上面所引用的安娜弗洛伊德的说法，即投射和压抑一样，可能是由客观焦虑、超我焦虑和本能焦虑无差别地激发的。在我看来，在客观焦虑的参照下，投射是没有意义的，除非是为了反常地强化焦虑。这可能不是真的，正如我们将看到的外化。我也不清楚投射性防御会以任何优先的方式对本能的恐惧行使。在回顾我们一直在讨论的病人材料时，我也不清楚偏执防御以任何特异性的方式对超我焦虑或内疚进行操作。问题是什么作为投射性防御的信号情感。在我看来，更有可能的是，投射的具体信号情感是抑郁。抑郁心位可能有多种表现形式，包括内心的不足感、脆弱感、羞耻感或无力感。甚至用悲伤或忧伤来表达抑郁情绪似乎都不够。与其说是一种失落感，不如说是一种自恋的屈辱感。 We will have more to say of this in our discussion of the defense aspects of the paranoid process, including both projective and introjective elements. As has recently been reemphasized in Jaffe's (1968) excellent discussion, the essence of the notion of projection involves not merely the conflictual and defensive aspects of projection, but also its function in the preservation of object ties. This was initially indicated by Freud's view of the reconstitutive aspect of projections. Along with the repression of subjective elements of self-reproach, there is also an attempt to preserve or restore object ties. Thus, in the Schreber case, there is a defense against homosexual impulses, as well as an attempt to reestablish important object ties with the substitute for the glorified father through projective devices. 我们在讨论偏执过程的防御方面，包括投射性和内摄性元素时，将对此有更多的论述。正如最近Jaffe(1968)的精彩论述中再次强调的那样，投射概念的本质不仅涉及投射的冲突性和防御性方面，而且还包括投射在保存客体联系方面的功能。这一点最初是由弗洛伊德关于投射的重构性方面的观点所指出的。在压抑自责的主观因素的同时，也试图维护或恢复客体联系。因此，在史瑞伯案中，既有对同性恋冲动的防御，也有试图通过投射装置与被美化的父亲的替代品重建重要的客体联系。 It seems apparent, in the cases we have described, that the projective defense carries with it a number of significant implications. If the projective effort is motivated by the need for defense, it nonetheless has embedded in it other specific functions which also express motivational aspects. It seems quite clear, for example, that the projection of persecutory elements has the secondary effect of reinforcing and confirming the introject of the suffering victim. In a number of our male subjects, the result of course is to reinforce primarily the sense of identification with the depressed and victimized mother, not to rule out contributing elements from the father. Consequently, there is a defensive advantage not merely in expelling to the outside and placing blame upon the evil persecutors, but there is also a gain in preserving and intensifying the internalized relationship to the relatively unavailable, depressed, and victimized mother. 在我们所描述的病例中，似乎很明显，投射性防御带有一些重要的含义。如果说投射性的努力是出于防卫的需要，那么它还是蕴含着其他具体的功能，这些功能也表达了动机方面的内容。例如，很明显，迫害性元素的投射具有强化和确认痛苦的受害者的内摄的次要效果。在我们的一些男性受试者中，其结果当然主要是强化对抑郁和受害母亲的认同感，而不排除来自父亲的贡献元素。因此，不仅在向外驱逐和把责任归咎于邪恶的迫害者方面有一种防御性的优势，而且在维护和强化与相对不可用、抑郁和受害的母亲的内在关系方面也有收获。 Another aspect of the projective dimension is that it serves to relate the self significantly to a projective system. We will have more to say about the notion of a projective system in our discussion of the paranoid construction. The point I wish to emphasize here is that the projection works to establish a meaningful context to which and within which the introject can be related. As we have suggested previously, the introject itself provides a focus for the internal organization of the self-system. The correlative function of projection is to provide a context within which that self-system can be regarded as relevant, and in terms of which it is provided a context of meaningful belongingness. This aspect of the interplay of introjection and projection will be most relevant in our discussion of the organization of belief and value systems and their relationship to the integration and stabilization of identity. In this context, then, the connection between projection and object ties becomes more general and more diffuse. The projective system may involve significant objects, but its implications are broader and more extensive than the limited perspective of immediate object-relations. 投射性维度的另一个方面是，它的作用是将自体与一个投射性系统显著地联系起来。我们将在讨论偏执建构时对投射系统的概念有更多的说法。我想在这里强调的一点是，投射的作用是建立一个有意义的语境，在这个语境中，内摄物可以与之相关。正如我们之前所提出的，内摄物本身为自体系统的内部组织提供了一个焦点。投射的相关功能是提供一种语境，在这种语境中，该自体系统可以被视为相关的，并其提供一种有意义的归属性的语境。在我们讨论信仰和价值系统的组织及其与身份的整合和稳定的关系时，内摄和投射相互作用的这一方面将最为相关。那么，在这种语境下，投射与客体关系之间的联系就变得更加普遍和分散。投射系统可能涉及重要的客体，但其影响比直接的客体关系的有限视角更为广泛和宽泛。