Projection and Externalization 投射和外化 Our concern for the moment, however, is to gain some greater clarity in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of projection. Projection itself must be understood in relation to the broader process of externalization. While the terms are used in varying relation, our intent in this discussion will be that projection is regarded as a form of externalization—understanding externalization in the broader sense of an attribution of inner phenomena to the outer world. Thus Freud's notion of projection as related to causal thinking fits more broadly under the rubric of externalization. In this vein he wrote to Fliess in 1895, "Whenever an internal change occurs, we have the choice of assuming either an external or internal cause. If something deters us from the internal derivation, we shall naturally seize upon the external one"(1950 [1892-1899] p. 201). 然而，我们目前关心的是如何更清楚地理解投射现象之下的机制。必须结合更广泛的外化过程来理解投射本身。虽然这两个术语在使用时关系变来变去，但我们在这一讨论中的意图是，投射被视为外化的一种形式——从更广泛的意义上理解外化，即把内在现象归因于外部世界。因此，弗洛伊德的投射概念与因果思维有关，更广泛地适合于外化的范畴。为此，他在1895年写给弗利斯的信中说："每当内部变化发生时，我们可以选择假设一个外部原因或内部原因。如果有什么东西阻碍我们进行内部推导，我们就会自然而然地抓住外部原因"(1950[1892-1899]p.201)。 It is well to recall at this point that projection is not a simple or unequivocal phenomena. We should remind ourselves that Freud himself had seen that projection was an essential process that was involved in the early development of the self and the differentiation between self and object in the infant's experience. Subsequent to the influence of Melanie Klein, of course, the importance of the interaction between introjective and projective mechanisms in the early development of the child has received considerable attention. In the Schreber case, Freud seems to have explicitly differentiated a type of projection that had to do with change of subject from the projection of drive impulses. By means of a change of subject from "I (a man) love him" to "It is not I who loves the man—she loves him"—the whole process was thrown outside of the self and became a matter of external perception. His most consistent use of the notion of projection was that—also as described in the Schreber case—of the paranoid defense against homosexuality as involving a projection of unconscious hate. Thus "I hate him" is transformed into the more conscious and tolerable thought, "He hates me." Thus drive projection was explicitly linked with the defense against ambivalent conflict. And hence the paranoid fear of a girl that she would be killed by her mother is the result of drive projection of her own hostile and destructive wishes. 在这一点上，我们应该回顾，投射不是一个简单或明确的现象。我们应该提醒自己，弗洛伊德本人已经看到，投射是一个基本的过程，它参与了自体的早期发展和婴儿经验中自体与客体的区分。当然，继梅兰妮克莱因的影响之后，内摄机制和投射机制在儿童早期发展中的相互作用的重要性也得到了相当的重视。在史瑞伯的病例中，弗洛伊德似乎明确地将一种与主体变化有关的投射与驱力冲动的投射区分开来。通过主体的改变，从 "我（一个男人）爱他 " 到 "不是我爱这个男人——她爱他"——整个过程被抛到了自体之外，变成了外在感知的问题。他对投射概念最一致的使用是——也如史瑞伯病例中所描述的——对同性恋的偏执防御涉及无意识的仇恨投射。因此，"我恨他 "被转化为更有意识的、可以容忍的想法，"他恨我"。因此驱力投射被明确地与对矛盾冲突的防御联系在一起。因此，一个女孩偏执地担心自己会被母亲杀死，就是她自己的敌对和破坏性愿望的驱力投射的结果。 The point that we would consider basic to this sort of clarification is that even such simple examples involve more than just drive projection. It is clear from the data in our case studies and the fuller understanding of what is involved in the projection, that what might pass for drive projection involves a complex process which is related to an internal state based on prior introjective elements. Thus, for example, Gloria G., who experienced the paranoid and terrifying fear that her mother would kill her, was expressing a rather malignant and destructive introject which represented the image of the internalized victim and at the same time expressed the introjective aspects of the sadistic and destructive victimizer which she had internalized from both parental figures. As we shall see in the subsequent discussion, perhaps the only case where drive projection as such is at issue is in the area of phobias, but even there the case is neither clear-cut nor decisive. 我们认为这种澄清最基本的一点是，即使是这样简单的例子也不仅仅涉及驱力投射。从我们病例研究中的数据和对投射所涉及的内容的更全面的理解中可以清楚地看出，可能被称为驱力投射的东西涉及到一个复杂的过程，它与基于先前的内摄元素的内在状态有关。因此，举例来说，格洛丽亚经历了母亲会杀了她的偏执而可怕的恐惧，她所表达的是一种相当恶性和破坏性的内摄，这种内摄代表了内化的受害者的形象，同时也表达了她从父母双方的形象中内化出来的虐待狂和破坏性的迫害者的内摄方面。正如我们将在随后的讨论中看到的那样，也许驱力投射本身构成问题的唯一病例是在恐惧症领域，但即使在那里，病例也既不明确也不具有决定性。