Aggression in Nightmares 噩梦中的攻击 One of the primary elements in the nightmare is projection of intense hostility or destructiveness into the persecuting objects. Actually, hostility or hatred of loved objects is one of the most intensely threatening things to the human child. It poses for him the threat of object loss, the loss of love, abandonment, or even destructive retaliation. The earliest nightmares in childhood seem to be related to the child's primitive struggles with the aggression arising within himself or as it is perceived coming from the world around him. Certainly after the differentiation of self and object has been achieved—probably in the second year—aggressive behavior becomes a significant aspect of the developing relationships. 梦魇的主要内容之一是将强烈的敌意或破坏性投射到迫害客体身上。其实，对爱的客体的敌意或仇恨是对人类儿童威胁最强烈的东西之一。它给他带来的威胁是失去客体、失去爱、被抛弃，甚至是破坏性的报复。童年时期最早的噩梦似乎与儿童与自己内心产生的或(被认为)来自周围世界的攻击性的原始斗争有关。当然，在实现了自体和客体的分化之后——可能是在第二年——攻击性行为就成为发展中的关系的一个重要方面。 This is particularly true where childish needs have been denied. Such denials, whether from advertence or parental anxieties or parental narcissism, is equivalent to a demeaning or a devaluing of the child. The aggressive wishes that are mobilized in the interest of preserving and restoring self-esteem cannot be allowed expression. The intensity of the rage, the violent fantasies and nightmares which such children experience, serves neither to promote narcissistic recovery nor to enhance the diminished self-esteem. As criticism for aggressive impulses from one's self increases, the expectation of such devaluation and criticism from others also enlarges. As Rochlin has commented (1973), self-esteem is in greater jeopardy as the need for it intensifies. 如果儿童的需求被拒绝，情况尤其如此。这种拒绝，无论是出于故意、父母的焦虑还是父母的自恋，都相当于有损或贬低儿童的价值。儿童为了维护和恢复自尊而调动起来的攻击性愿望，不能被表达。这类儿童所经历的强烈的愤怒、暴力幻想和噩梦，既无助于促进自恋的恢复，也无助于增强被削弱的自尊。随着自体对攻击性冲动的批评增多，对这种来自他人的贬低和批评的预期也在扩大。正如Rochlin所评论的那样(1973年)，随着对自尊的需要的加强，自尊受到更大的威胁。 The interplay of introjective and projective mechanisms comes more explicitly into play, so that the interplay of these elements is often seen in the content of nightmares and anxiety dreams. This is related to the process of identification with the aggressor as we have previously observed. In fact, the mastery of such intense and destructive aggression is one of the major developmental tasks of the small child. In the conflicts between aggression and loss of the loved and needed objects or abandonment, the child must mobilize primitive defenses, particularly displacement, projection, denial, and various forms of introjection. Thus these mechanisms can also come to serve important developmental functions. 内摄机制和投射机制的相互作用更加明确地出现，因此，在噩梦和焦虑梦的内容中经常可以看到这些因素的相互作用。这与我们前面所观察到的对攻击者的认同过程有关。事实上，掌握这种强烈的、破坏性的攻击是小孩子的主要发展任务之一。在攻击 与 失去所爱和需要的客体或被遗弃之间的冲突中，儿童必须调动原始的防御手段，特别是置换、投射、否认和各种形式的内摄。因此，这些机制也可以来服务重要的发展功能。 For the child, in the internal drama of the dream, the inner struggles over aggression and its consequences take on a greatly intensified and magnified significance. It is remarkable in these dream experiences of small children that they are almost always portrayed as the victims of malicious and destructive attacks, and almost never the aggressor. This would seem to reflect the fact that the aggressive feelings are totally unacceptable and intolerable, particularly in view of the threat that such feelings pose to loved objects. Thus, if murderous and destructive wishes and impulses are directed toward the dreamer as the victim, it seems likely that such a projective defense serves to protect himself from an even more threatening experience, namely, assuming responsibility for the murderous impulses toward important and loved objects upon whom the child is physically and emotionally dependent. 对儿童来说，在梦境的内心剧情中，内心在攻击 和 其后果间的挣扎具有极大的强化和放大的意义。值得注意的是，在这些小孩子的梦境经历中，他们几乎总是被描绘成恶意和破坏性攻击的受害者，而几乎从来没有被描绘成攻击者。这似乎反映了这样一个事实：攻击性的感情是完全不能接受和不能容忍的，特别是考虑到这种感情对所爱的客体构成的威胁。因此，如果谋杀性和破坏性的愿望和冲动是针对作为受害者的梦者的，那么这种投射性的防御似乎很可能是为了保护自己免受更有威胁性的体验，即承担对重要的和所爱的客体的谋杀性冲动的责任，而孩子在身体和情感上都依赖这些客体。 The striking resignation of aggression and reassignment of it to external objects, which takes place in the nightmare experience, effectively denies and dissociates the dreamer from hostile wishes and impulses particularly when directed against loved objects. This process takes place very early in the child's experience. When the child's wishes for gratification or affection are not met, he experiences this as a loss of affection with a concomitant diminution of his own sense of value. Aggression rushes in to redeem the loss of self-esteem, and the hostility generated expresses itself in anxiety. 在噩梦体验中发生的 对攻击性的惊人的放弃 和 将攻击性给外部客体的重新分配，有效地否认并分离了做梦者的敌对愿望和冲动，特别是当针对所爱的客体。这个过程在儿童的经验中很早就发生了。当儿童要求满足或感情 的愿望没有得到满足时，他就会体验到这是一种感情的丧失，同时他自己的价值感也会随之降低。攻击性的行为急于弥补自尊心的丧失，而产生的敌意则表现为焦虑。 Consequently, the child carries into his dreaming experience the same mechanism for dealing with aggression and injured narcissism that he evolves in his waking experience. The hostility toward others is feared from them by reason of projection, so that aggression is transformed into self-destructiveness. In the nightmare experience the dreamer is threatened, humiliated, victimized, or killed. His experience is that of helplessness and weakness. He is unable to offer resistance or to struggle effectively. All activity, power, aggressive potentiality, and intention are given over to the threatening figure. This pattern of victimization is characteristic not only of childhood nightmares, but is one we have become familiar with in the experience of our patients. The nightmare experience, then, seems to be a unique expression of the paranoid process, one in which the paranoid mechanisms involve and capture the dreaming process so that the motifs of vulnerability, narcissistic injury, denied destructiveness, and victimization are played out on the dream stage. 因此，儿童在梦中的经验中带着他在清醒的经验中演化出的处理攻击和受伤的自恋的相同机制。由于投射的原因，对他人的敌意被儿童自己恐惧，所以攻击性被转化为自体毁灭。在噩梦体验中，梦者受到威胁、羞辱、受害或被杀。他的体验是无助和软弱。他无法提供抵抗或有效的挣扎。所有的活动、力量、攻击性的潜力和意图都交给了威胁者。这种受害模式不仅是童年噩梦的特征，也是我们在病人的经验中所熟悉的。那么，噩梦体验似乎是偏执过程的一种独特表现，在这个过程中，偏执机制参与并捕捉到了做梦的过程，从而使脆弱、自恋伤害、被否定的破坏性和被害的主题在梦的舞台上得到了发挥。