Dream Projection 梦的投射 Thus the dreamer's own wishes, particularly those that are unacceptable to him in his waking experience, are expressed by means of projection onto these other dream figures, which are separated from the self. The dream figure becomes a displaced object for the projected wishes of the dreamer's self, an inner self based on and constructed in terms of specific prototype for the functioning of projective mechanisms in relationship to objects, whether the latter be figments of the dream life or real objects in the patient's waking experience. 因此，梦者自己的愿望，特别是那些在他的清醒经验中不能接受的愿望，通过投射到这些与自体分离的其他梦中人物身上的方式来表达。梦中的人物成为梦者自体投射愿望的替代客体，这个内在的自体是以 与客体关系中投射机制的具体原型 为基础和建构的，无论后者是梦境生活中的形象还是病人清醒经验中的真实客体。 The whole subject of nightmares has a special fascination in this regard. It is an area of relatively common experience in which many of the mechanisms and dynamics which we have been discussing in this study come into vivid and dramatic play. Our purpose at this juncture is to examine the phenomenon of the nightmare and to relate it to the clinical experience we have been investigating. The basic argument that we are advancing here is that the nightmare is a prototypical expression of the paranoid process, which employs the same basic mechanisms, deals with the same basic conflicts and fears, serves the same basic functions and psychic intentions. It is an expression of the common lot of mankind which reaches into the realms of pathology, but also is an expression of basic and important human processes which mobilize man's creative capacities in the service of preserving and establishing his own identity and his relatedness to the human context. John Mack, in his recent excellent study of nightmares, writes: 在这方面，整个噩梦的主题具有特殊的魅力。这是一个比较常见的经验领域，我们在这项研究中讨论的许多机制和动力学都在其中发挥着生动和戏剧性的作用。我们在这个时候的目的是要研究噩梦的现象，并把它与我们所调查的临床经验联系起来。我们在这里提出的基本论点是：噩梦是偏执过程的一种典型表现，它采用同样的基本机制，处理同样的基本冲突和恐惧，服务于同样的基本功能和心理意图。它是人类共同命运的表现，它达到了病理的境界，同时也是人类基本的、重要的过程的表现，这个过程调动人的创造能力，为 维护和建立自己的身份 和 与人类环境的关联性 服务。约翰麦克在其最近关于噩梦的出色研究中写道： Of the experiences that terrify mankind and invite our humility, nightmares are perhaps the most widespread and characteristic, for human beings are the only creatures so fully aware of the precariousness of their existence. It is precisely this sense of vulnerability that is the most essential feature of these dreams. The nightmare is the prototype of man's terror. The common feature of helplessness in confrontation with forces that threaten to be overwhelming has led to the application of the word nightmare to any psychological horror or external catastrophe over which the persons involved have little or no control and which makes them feel gravely imperiled. No group of human beings seems to escape at least the sporadic occurrence of these terrifying dreams. Very small children and adults of all ages, emotionally ill and relatively healthy persons, primitive peoples as well as members of the most highly civilized societies—all may have nightmares. Any theory which attempts to offer a general explanation of this type of dream must take into account this universality (1970, p. vii). 在使人类感到恐惧并使我们感到谦卑的经历中，噩梦也许是最普遍和最有特点的，因为人类是唯一充分意识到其生存不稳定的生物。恰恰是这种脆弱感是这些梦的最本质特征。噩梦是人类恐怖的原型。在面对有可能压倒一切的力量时的无助感这一共同特征，使人们把噩梦这个词应用于任何心理恐怖或外部灾难，而当事人对这些恐怖或灾难几乎没有控制力，使他们感到严重的危险。似乎没有一个群体至少能逃避这些可怕的梦境的零星发生。很小的孩子和各个年龄段的成年人，情绪病患者和相对健康的人，原始人以及最高度文明社会的成员——都可能做噩梦。任何试图对这类梦作一般性解释的理论，都必须考虑到这种普遍性（1970年，第vii页）。 As Mack notes, the understanding of the nightmare must embrace a number of significant points. It must account for the fact that nightmares occur at all ages, even in children of only about a year. It must explain the fact of nightmares in emotionally disturbed psychotic patients as well as relatively normal and healthy people. It must explain the occurrence of nightmares in all cultures, even primitive cultures. And it must explain the fundamental emotional facts of the nightmare—the feelings of helplessness and powerlessness, the severe and threatening danger, the overwhelming anxiety, and the imminent threat within the dream of violence and destructiveness. The suggestion that we are advancing here is that these many facets of the nightmare experience can be encompassed by understanding the nightmare phenomenon as an expression of the paranoid process. 正如Mack所指出的那样，对噩梦的理解必须包含一些重要的观点。它必须解释这样一个事实，即噩梦发生在所有年龄段，甚至在只有一岁左右的儿童中。它必须解释情绪紊乱的精神病患者以及相对正常和健康的人都会做噩梦的事实。它必须解释噩梦在所有文化中的发生，甚至是原始文化中的发生。而且它必须解释噩梦的基本情感事实——无助和无力的感觉，严重的威胁性危险，压倒性的焦虑，以及暴力和破坏性的梦中迫在眉睫的威胁。我们在这里提出的建议是，可以通过将噩梦现象理解为偏执过程的一种表现形式来包含噩梦体验的这许多方面。