Helplessness 无助 We have been confronted at many points in the present study with the sense of vulnerability and helplessness and powerlessness that is so characteristic of all of these patients. The experience of vulnerability seems also to be a central one in the nightmare. There is a nameless terror, a sense of helplessness, persecution by monstrous and uncontrollable threatening forces, violence, and even a lapping over of such fearful experiences into waking life that characterizes the nightmare, whether it is the night terror of a child or the terrifying dream of the adult. It provides this community of experience within the nightmare, the experience of helplessness and powerlessness, convincing proof that the archaic fears and conflicts of early childhood persist throughout the course of life. 在本研究中，我们在很多时候都面临着脆弱、无助和无力感，而这种感觉是所有这些病人的特点。脆弱感的体验似乎也是噩梦中的核心体验。无论是儿童的夜惊，还是成人的惊梦，都有一种无名的恐怖、无助感，受到怪物的、无法控制的威胁力量的迫害、暴力，甚至是将这种恐惧体验淋漓尽致地融入到清醒的生活中，这是噩梦的特点。它提供了噩梦中的这种经验共同体，无助和无力的经验，令人信服地证明了幼儿时期的古老恐惧和冲突在整个生命过程中一直存在。 They express themselves in vivid and dramatic form in the nightmare experience. The child is confronted with his own weakness and vulnerability. He is confronted with the fear that loved ones can really disappear and die. It is no wonder that the child experiences terror of the nightmare, particularly when his wishes toward the important objects, upon whom he depends and whom he loves, have been overloaded with aggressive and destructive tendencies. The earliest helplessness in human experience—a feeling that seems to underlie the anxiety of the nightmare at whatever age—is that of the helplessness of the small child who feels powerless to keep the mothering person, upon whom he depends so intently, with him and to prevent her from leaving him. It is this feeling of powerlessness and the anxiety that accompanies it which are renewed every time the child faces a new task, until he attains the skills and the sense of mastery and control which enables him to both tolerate and diminish the anxiety. Mack comments: 它们在噩梦经历中以生动和戏剧化的形式表达出来。孩子面对的是自己的弱点和脆弱性。他面对着亲人真的会消失和死亡的恐惧。难怪孩子会体验到噩梦的恐怖，特别是当他对重要客体(他所依赖的客体和他所爱的客体)的愿望已经被攻击性和破坏性的倾向所淹没。人类经验中最早的无助感——无论在什么年龄段，这种感觉似乎都是噩梦焦虑的基础——是小孩子的无助感，他感到无力将他如此强烈依赖的养育人留在身边，并阻止她离开他。正是这种无力感和随之而来的焦虑，每当孩子面临新的任务时，都会重新产生，直到他获得了技能和掌握控制感，使他既能忍受又能减少焦虑。麦克评论道： Nightmares are often a sensitive indicator of the presence of anxiety and may reflect this feeling of helplessness that occurs when major new tasks are undertaken before the motor skills, cognitive capacities, defenses, or other ego functions necessary for such mastery have developed. The content of the dreams may be of the usual "raw-head-and-bloody-bones" variety, but the ego factor of powerlessness, which makes the dreamer feel subject to danger and attack, may be of greater importance than the instinctual elements that are suggested by the dreamer's content (1970, p. 214). 噩梦往往是焦虑存在的敏感指标，可能反映了这种无助感，这种无助感发在进行重大的新任务，但所必需的运动技能、认知能力、防御能力或其他自我功能还没有发展起来时。梦的内容可能是通常的 "血骷髅 "式的，无力感使梦者感到受到危险和攻击，但无力感的自我元素，可能比梦者的内容所暗示的本能元素更重要（1970，第214页）。