Nightmares and the Paranoid Process 噩梦和偏执过程 In the light of these observations we can reach a conclusion that has some relevance for our considerations of the paranoid process. The experience of nightmares is one which is a quite common—if not general—human experience. It occurs in all cultures, at all ages, and is particularly a marked experience of childhood. Obviously the nightmare experience varies considerably in intensity and frequency. Not all children suffer from the forms of intense and persistent nightmares that we have identified in our patients. However, if the nightmare experience bears a consistent relationship to paranoid manifestations—as it does on so many of the parameters we have suggested—then it seems reasonable that we regard it as a manifestation of the operation of paranoid mechanisms which are quite general in the population, and that these same mechanisms operate with varying degrees of intensity and disruptiveness. 根据这些观察，我们可以得出一个结论，这个结论与我们对偏执过程的考虑有一定的相关性。噩梦的经历是一种相当常见的——如果不是普遍的——人类经历。它发生在所有文化，所有的年龄段中，尤其是童年时期的明显经验。显然，噩梦的体验在强度和频率上有很大的不同。并非所有的儿童都患有我们在患者身上发现的那种强烈而持久的噩梦形式。然而，如果噩梦经历与偏执表现有一致的关系——正如它在我们所建议的许多参数上所具有的那样——那么我们把它看作是偏执机制运作的一种表现似乎是合理的，这种机制在人群中相当普遍，而且这些机制以不同程度的强度和破坏性运作。 What we are led to conclude, then, is not that paranoid mechanisms are restricted to the relatively severe instances of the operation of these mechanisms, but that they are in fact a widespread and common experience in human kind. The difference between the Wolf-Men of this world—such as the patients we have been investigating here—and the normal run of men is precisely that the basic conflicts are deeper, more strongly and deeply embedded in ambivalent conflicts, and reflect more primitive levels of psychic organization and aggressive intensity. If we join the evidence based on nightmares with the evidence derived from childhood phobias, we are faced with the fact that such fears of vulnerability and conflicts over aggression and the use of projective defenses are indeed widespread and quite general. 那么，我们得出的结论是，偏执机制并不局限于这些机制运作的相对严重的实例，而是它们其实是人类普遍而常见的经验。这个世界上的狼人——比如我们在这里调查的病人——与正常人之间的区别，恰恰是基本冲突更深，更强烈、更深入地嵌入在矛盾冲突，反映了更原始的心理组织水平和攻击性强度。如果我们把基于噩梦的证据和来自童年恐惧症的证据结合起来，我们就会面临这样一个事实：这种对脆弱的恐惧和对攻击的冲突以及对投射性防御的使用确实是普遍存在的，而且相当普遍。 Our conclusion, then, is that these paranoid manifestations reflect the operation of paranoid processes at large, as a fundamental and unavoidable dimension of human experience, and that they eventuate in psychotic processes or paranoid syndromes only under certain conditions of development and stress, which intensify the basic conflicts and undermine the adaptive and interpretive capacities of the ego. It remains that we try to integrate this basic perception into our more general understanding of the paranoid process and the various aspects of its functioning. 那么，我们的结论是，这些偏执表现反映了整个偏执过程的运作，是人类经验的一个基本的、不可避免的方面，它们只有在一定的发展和压力条件下才会最终形成精神病过程或偏执综合征，从而加剧了基本冲突，破坏了自我的适应能力和解释能力。我们仍然要努力将这一基本认识纳入我们对偏执过程及其各方面功能的更一般的理解之中。