Parental Anxiety 父母焦虑 One of the important aspects of the whole phenomenon of nightmares in children is the manner in which parental anxieties are communicated to children and are manifested in the content of nightmares. Nagera (1966) has pointed to the influence of maternal conflicts and fears in the production of the child's sleeping difficulties. There is much yet to be understood about this aspect of the involvement of parental fears, but an important part of it seems to be the unconscious reinforcement of the validity of the child's fears by the parents' incapacity to deal with the same source of fear in their own experience (Mack, 1970). 整个儿童噩梦现象的一个重要方面是父母的焦虑以何种方式传递给儿童，并在噩梦的内容中表现出来。Nagera(1966)曾指出，母亲的冲突和恐惧对儿童睡眠困难的产生有影响。关于父母恐惧参与的这一方面，还有许多有待了解的地方，但其中一个重要的部分似乎是父母在自己的经验中无法处理同样的恐惧来源，从而无意识地强化了儿童恐惧的有效性（Mack，1970）。 This is a particularly important aspect of the developmental experience in paranoid families. There the reinforcement of the child's fears by the parent is a much more widespread response, and we will have occasion to look at it more closely in regard to its developmental influence. But it is nonetheless fascinating to discover that the paranoid fears and anxieties of the child are in fact reflected in the inner concerns and fantasy life of the parent. Thus, for example, the paranoid anxieties of Gloria G., that she would be murderously attacked on the streets, was transparently a reflection of her father's view that the world was filled with "creeps and weirdos" who attacked, murdered, and raped innocent victims on the streets. It is little wonder, then, that Gloria's dreams were filled with episodes of attack murder, death, and violence. Nor is it any wonder that her waking experience carried within it the same fears and anxious terrors. 这是偏执家庭发展经历中一个特别重要的方面。在那里，父母对孩子恐惧的强化是一种更为普遍的反应，我们将有机会更仔细地研究它对发展的影响。但是，我们还是会发现，孩子的偏执恐惧和焦虑，其实也反映在父母的内心关注和幻想生活中，这一点还是很吸引人的。例如，格洛丽亚的偏执焦虑是自己会在街头遭到谋杀袭击，这显然是她父亲观点的反映，她认为这个世界充满了 "爬行者和怪人"，他们在街头袭击、谋杀和强奸无辜的受害者。因此，难怪格洛丽亚的梦中充满了攻击谋杀、死亡和暴力的情节。也难怪她的清醒经历中也带着同样的恐惧和焦虑恐怖。 Part of the interaction with the parents which tends to undermine the child's position and contribute to the reinforcement of fears is the attack upon the child's self-esteem. Gloria was always in a position of having to protect herself from unwarranted hostility, devaluing criticism, and a sense of rejection from her parents. She saw herself as a victim of the demands and failures of those around her. She was an unloved and unwanted child. The resentment and angry hurt associated with this narcissistic injury and deprivation found expression in her recurrent and violent nightmares. In all of these dreams she was the object of injury and attack, a victim who was threatened by death and physical harm. She was never the aggressor, but it was always others who attacked and violated her. 一部分与父母互动活动，往往会破坏孩子的地位，助长恐惧的强化，这就是对孩子自尊的攻击。格洛丽亚总是处于一种不得不保护自己的地位，使自己免受父母无端的敌意、贬低的批评和排斥感。她认为自己是周围人的要求和失败的受害者。她是一个不被爱、不被需要的孩子。与这种自恋伤害和剥夺相关的 怨恨和愤怒的伤害 在她反复出现的暴力恶梦中得到了体现。在所有这些梦中，她都是被伤害和攻击的对象，一个受到死亡和身体伤害威胁的受害者。她从来都不是攻击者，但攻击和侵犯她的总是别人。