Animal Phobias 动物恐惧症 Other animal phobias have been reported even in very young children, even in the second (Sperling, 1952) and third (Bornstein, 1935) years of life. Such phobias involve the mechanisms of projection of a relatively intolerable inner danger based on oral or anal-sadistic impulses, which are thus transformed into an outer danger, the fear of biting animals. 据报道，即使在非常年幼的儿童中，甚至在生命的第二年（Sperling，1952年）和第三年（Bornstein，1935年）也有其他动物恐惧症。这种恐惧症涉及到对 基于口欲的或肛欲的虐待冲动的相对不能容忍的内在危险的 投射机制，从而转化为一种外在的危险，即对咬人动物的恐惧。 The animal phobias have been perhaps more extensively studied than any of the phobic states. The classic and original case, of course, was Freud's analysis of Little Hans (Freud, 1909). Hans' presenting symptom was his fear of going out in the street because he might be bitten by a horse. Freud's analysis revealed that the phobia was based on a conflict between Little Hans' instinctual urges and the demands of his ego. The conflict was an Oedipal one, and involved a strong hostility to his father. This gave rise to fears of punishment in the form of castration fears, which he then transformed into a phobic anxiety of being bitten by a horse. Thus the internal danger was changed into an external danger, and the fear of the father was displaced onto a more remote substitute. It seems easier to avoid biting horses than castrating fathers. The death wishes against the father and the castration fears as a reprisal for such violent wishes were repressed in view of the fact that Hans' conscious feelings toward his father were also strong and loving and positive. 动物恐惧症的研究范围或许比任何一种恐惧症状态都要广泛。当然，最经典、最原始的病例是弗洛伊德对小汉斯的分析（弗洛伊德，1909）。汉斯的表现症状是他害怕上街，因为他可能会被马咬伤。弗洛伊德的分析显示，恐惧症是基于小汉斯的本能冲动和自我要求之间的冲突。这种冲突是俄狄浦斯性的，包括对父亲的强烈敌意。这使他产生了对惩罚的恐惧，即阉割恐惧，然后他又将这种恐惧转化为被马咬的恐惧焦虑。这样，内部的危险就变成了外部的危险，对父亲的恐惧被置换到了更遥远的替代品上。比起阉割人的父亲，咬人的马似乎更容易避免。鉴于汉斯对父亲的意识感情也是强烈的、爱的、积极的，对父亲的死亡愿望和作为这种暴力愿望报复的阉割恐惧被压抑了。 The choice of the horse as the substitute object was not at all accidental. Hans had previously shown a considerable interest in horses. He observed that they had large "widdlers," that is, penises. The possession of a large widdler established the association with his father. Little Hans' sexual feelings toward his mother were not immediately manifested in the phobic symptom, but nonetheless provided in part the motivation of his fear of punishment and castration from the father. 选择马作为替代客体完全不是偶然的。汉斯以前曾对马表现出相当大的兴趣。他观察到马有很大的 "牛牛"，也就是阴茎。拥有一个大牛牛，就确立了与父亲的联系。小汉斯对母亲的性感觉并没有立即表现在恐惧症状上，但还是部分地提供了他害怕受到父亲的惩罚和阉割的动机。 The unconscious fear of castration was a direct result of his romantic attachment to his mother, but this does not explain the severity of the phobia of attack and mutilation. As Rochlin (1973) has astutely observed, Hans began as an aggressor and ended as a victim—and herein lies the key to the understanding of the phobia. 对阉割的无意识恐惧是他对母亲的浪漫依恋的直接结果，但这并不能解释攻击和残害 恐惧症的严重性。正如Rochlin(1973)敏锐地观察到的那样，汉斯开始时是一个攻击者，而最后则是一个受害者——这就是理解恐惧症的关键所在。 In his nightmare, Hans saw himself as a helpless victim. Huge animals frightened him because he expected them to turn on him and do him violence. This was associated with his parents, as we have seen, particularly with his father. All of this expresses Hans' apprehensiveness over his own smallness and weakness, since in any comparison with such big animals as his parents or even horses he must have come out very much the loser. 在他的噩梦中，汉斯认为自己是一个无助的受害者。巨大的动物让他害怕，因为他预期它们会对他施暴。正如我们所看到的，这与他的父母有关，尤其是他的父亲。所有这些都表达了汉斯对自己的渺小和弱小的忧虑，因为在与父母甚至马这样的大动物的任何比较中，他一定是非常失败的。 Hans was able nonetheless to take measures to counter these terrifying anxieties. In his play he would imagine that he was a horse, and would bite his father and try to threaten him. He would also play the horsemaster, beating the horses and showing them, as well as himself, that he had nothing to fear from them. Such aggressive wishes, particularly when they take the form of wishes to harm or attack or injure important figures, become severely threatening. The aggressive "wish-turned-threat" expresses itself in phobic reactions in which the patient sees himself as a helpless victim of potential attack. The phobia is in fact an expression of the dread of carrying out the destructive wishes. It also serves to spare and preserve the object of attack. In both his daytime phobias and his nighttime nightmares, Hans became the victim; the aggression he felt toward those whom he loved became turned against himself. The defensive process was one of victimizing himself and thus effectively inhibiting any expression of aggression toward the loved object. The aggressive impulses, however, found more direct expression in his play. The compensation for his Oedipal disappointment was countered by his playing out his father's aggressive role, just as his anxieties based on a sense of his own smallness and vulnerability were countered by his playing out the role of the aggressor. It is only when the Oedipal ambition is relinquished along with its attendant rivalry, that the threat diminishes and need for the phobic defenses can be resolved. 不过，汉斯还是能够采取一些措施来应对这些可怕的焦虑。在他的游戏中，他会把自己想象成一匹马，并咬住父亲，试图威胁他。他还会扮演马主，殴打马匹，向马匹以及他自己表明，他不用害怕它们。这种攻击性的愿望，特别是以愿望的形式伤害或攻击重要人物时，就会成为严重的威胁。攻击性的 "愿望变成的威胁"表现为恐惧反应，患者将自己视为潜在攻击的无助受害者。恐惧症实际上是对实施破坏性愿望的恐惧的一种表现。同时也是为了放过和保全被攻击的客体。在白天的恐惧症和夜间的噩梦中，汉斯都成了受害者，他对所爱之人的攻击性变成了对自己的攻击。防御过程是使自己受害，从而有效地抑制了对所爱客体的任何攻击性表达。然而，攻击性冲动在他的游戏中找到了更直接的表达方式。他对俄狄浦斯失望的补偿被他扮演父亲的攻击性角色所抵消，正如他基于自己的渺小和脆弱感的焦虑被他扮演攻击者的角色所抵消一样。只有当俄狄浦斯的野心与随之而来的竞争一起被放弃时，威胁才会减少，恐惧防御的需求才能得到解决。