Phobias and the Paranoid Process 恐惧症和偏执过程 Our purpose at this juncture is to gain some insight into the relationship between phobic and paranoid manifestations both in terms of the relationship of phobic anxieties to the paranoid process and in genetic terms of the relationship between phobic mechanisms and paranoid mechanisms. The relevant question in this context is whether phobic symptoms are simply the result of externalization or whether they involve projective mechanisms. In the usage we are following in this study, projection is regarded as the correlate of introjection, so that an appeal to projective mechanisms depends in part on our ability to show that the content of the projection, which is displaced to the external world, is based on an introjected content from the inner world. Thus the basic issue in the consideration of phobias is whether the projected fears and their content can be shown to be related to internal introjects. 我们在这个时候的目的是想从恐惧焦虑与偏执过程的关系，以及恐惧机制与偏执机制的起源关系两个方面，对恐惧症与偏执表现之间的关系有一些认识。这方面的相关问题是，恐惧症状是单纯的外化结果，还是涉及投射机制。在我们在本研究中遵循的用法中，投射被认为是内摄的关联，因此，对投射机制的呼吁部分取决于我们是否有能力表明，被置换到外部世界的投射内容是基于来自内心世界的内摄内容。因此，考虑恐惧症的基本问题是，能否证明被投射的恐惧及其内容与内在内摄有关。 Externalization, on the other hand, has a broader significance in that it deals with the displacement to the outside world of any intrapsychic aspects or components. Thus the childhood phobias can be regarded in general as reflecting the influence of externalization, since it is clear that what is defended against and displaced onto the external world is the child's aggressive and destructive impulses, whether they can be specified as oral or anal or not. The question of projection, then, would seem to hinge on the further organization and elaboration of such destructive impulses in relation to introjective content derived from specific object relations. 另一方面，外化具有更广泛的意义，因为它涉及到任何心理内涵或成分向外部世界的置换。因此，儿童恐惧症一般可以被视为反映了外化的影响，因为很明显，被抵御和置换到外部世界的是儿童的攻击性和破坏性冲动，无论这些冲动是否可以具体到口欲或肛欲。因此，投射的问题似乎取决于这种破坏性冲动相对于从具体客体关系中产生的内摄性内容的进一步组织和精化。 It is of interest in this regard that Melanie Klein, in discussing the origins of early childhood phobias (1932), relates the anxiety connected with such phobias to the early stages of superego formation. She views the phobic elements as consisting of fears of violent objects which are both external and introjected. Such objects are seen as devouring, cutting, castrating, etc, reflecting both oral and anal-sadistic elements. She observes that the difficulties of small children in eating are closely connected with early anxiety situations and reflect paranoid origins. Food is symbolically related with the father's penis or the mother's breast and is responded to with love, hatred, or fear, as are these part objects. Thus food gives rise to a multitude of fears of being poisoned or internally destroyed, which relates to the internalized objects or excrements in these early anxiety situations. She describes animal phobias in the following terms: 在这方面值得注意的是，梅兰妮克莱因在讨论幼儿恐惧症的起源时(1932年)，将与这种恐惧症有关的焦虑与超我形成的早期阶段联系起来。她认为恐惧元素是由对暴力客体的恐惧组成的，这些客体既是外在的，又是内摄的。这类客体被看作是吞噬、切割、阉割等，反映了口和肛虐待元素。她观察到，小孩子进食的困难与早期的焦虑情境密切相关，反映出偏执的起源。食物在象征上与父亲的阴茎或母亲的乳房有关，并以爱、恨或恐惧来回应，这些部分客体也是如此。因此，食物引起了众多的中毒或内毁的恐惧，这与这些早期焦虑情境中的内化客体或排泄物有关。她对动物恐惧症的描述如下： Infantile animal phobias are an expression of early anxiety of this kind. They are based on the ejection of the terrifying super-ego which is characteristic of the earlier anal stage, and thus represent a process, made up of several moves, whereby the child modifies its fear of its terrifying super-ego and id. The first move is to thrust out those two institutions into the external world and assimilate the super-ego to the real object. The second move is familiar to us as the displacement onto an animal of the fear felt of the real father (1932, p. 220). 婴儿动物恐惧症是这种早期焦虑的一种表现。它们是基于早期肛门阶段所特有的可怕的超我的排出，因此代表了一个由几个动作组成的过程，儿童据此改变了对其可怕的超我和本我的恐惧。第一个动作是把这两个机构推出到外部世界，并把超我同化为现实客体。第二个动作是我们所熟悉的，即把对真正父亲的恐惧置换到动物身上(1932年，第220页)。 Thus she established a connection between superego, object-relationship, and animal phobias. 这样，她建立了超我、客体关系和动物恐惧症之间的联系。 Klein places at the heart of the phobic mechanism the interaction of projection and introjection. It is thus a more complex phenomenon than the mere defensive substitution of one external danger for another, of a mere distortion of the fear of castration by the father into a fear of being bitten by a horse or a wolf. The castration fear is related to the more basic fear of superego aggression. For Little Hans, the castration fears were mixed with positive affection and love for his parents, and his environment was generally positive. His oral and anal sadism was not severe enough to prevent his reaching a normal phallic stage, and apparently his phobia was quickly dissipated by a relatively short and superficial analytic intervention. The aggression in the case of the Wolf-Man, by way of contrast, seems to be more primitive and destructive, and reflects the still active influence of the oral sadistic instincts. It gives rise to fears of a dangerous, devouring beast which he equates with his father's penis. As Klein comments, "The Wolf-Man did not overcome this early anxiety. His fear of the wolf, which stood for his fear of his father, showed that he had retained the image of his father as a devouring wolf in subsequent years. For, as we know, he rediscovered this wolf in his later father-images, and his whole development was governed by that overwhelming fear"(1932, p. 223). 克莱因将投射和内摄的相互作用置于恐惧症机制的核心。因此，它是一种更复杂的现象，而不仅仅是用一种外部危险代替另一种外部危险的单纯防御性替代，也不仅仅是把对父亲阉割的恐惧扭曲为对被马或狼咬的恐惧。阉割恐惧与更基本的超我攻击恐惧有关。对小汉斯来说，阉割恐惧中掺杂着对父母的积极感情和爱，他的环境总体上是积极的。他的口和肛虐待性并不严重，不足以阻止他达到正常的阳具阶段，显然，他的恐惧症很快就被相对短暂而肤浅的分析干预所消解。相比之下，狼人病例中的攻击性似乎更加原始和具有破坏性，反映出口虐本能的影响依然活跃。这让他对一个危险的、吞噬性的野兽产生了恐惧，他把它等同于他父亲的阴茎。正如克莱因所评论的那样："狼人并没有克服这种早期的焦虑。他对狼的恐惧，代表了他对父亲的恐惧，这表明他在以后的岁月里，一直保留着父亲作为吞噬之狼的形象。因为，我们知道，他在后来的父亲形象中重新发现了这种狼，他的整个发展都受到这种压倒性恐惧的支配"(1932年，第223页)。 The operation of such excessively strong and destructive sadism, which had not been successfully modified and which had been manifested in excessive anxiety in the early stages of life, results often in the production of severe obsessional and paranoid traits. This view would seem to gain some support from the development in later life of the Wolf-Man's paranoia (Gardner, 1971). Thus Klein's discussion indicates the possibility of an interconnection between such early phobic symptoms of childhood and the later emergence of paranoid manifestations. As I have already made clear in discussing Klein's contributions, I am not at all convinced that her explanation of the origins of such phobias has general validity. Even though such complex animal phobias can be identified in children in the second and third years of life, it is not clear that we are dealing with specifically superego introjects or projections, but it seems safer to assume that we are dealing with a more primitive level of the interplay of introjection and projection, which has more to do with the overall context of intrapsychic development. 这种过分强烈的、破坏性的虐待性的运作，由于没有得到成功的改造，在生命的早期阶段表现为过度的焦虑，结果往往产生严重的强迫症和偏执症特征。这一观点似乎可以从狼人的偏执症在晚年的发展中获得一些支持（Gardner，1971）。因此，克莱因的讨论表明，童年的这种早期恐惧症状与后来出现的偏执表现之间存在着相互联系的可能性。正如我在讨论克莱因的贡献时已经明确指出的那样，我完全不相信她对这种恐惧症起源的解释具有普遍的有效性。即使这种复杂的动物恐惧症在儿童出生后的第二年和第三年就能被发现，但并不清楚我们所面对的是具体的超我内摄物或投射，而似乎更安全的是，我们所面对的是更原始的内摄和投射相互作用的层面，这更多地与心理内发展的整体背景有关。