Spider Phobias 蜘蛛恐惧症 The projective elements can be seen somewhat more clearly in the case of spider phobias. The basic conflicts seem to involve fears of phallic castration by an aggressive mother. Such patients reveal transference fantasies in which symbolic equivalences are drawn between the silent, watchful, hidden and waiting spider and the analyst who sits silently and watchfully behind the couch. Little (1967) presents evidence from several cases to indicate that the patient's fears are related to both oral and phallic fantasies, the oral fears stemming from the fear of losing the penis by its being swallowed by the orally aggressive mother. Such patients tend to feel trapped in the therapeutic situation, or feel that they must placate the therapist in some way lest the therapist pounce on them and devour them. These fantasies may be related to beating fantasies. Similar fears were patently manifested in both the analytic patients described—Jimmy J. and Karen K.—but also formed a significant aspect of the treatment situation in the patients treated psychotherapeutically. It is clear in these cases that the phobic anxiety approaches close to, if it does not cross, the border into the area of explicitly paranoid anxieties. Melitta Sperling's (1971) study of spider symbolism indicates that the important genetic factors involved are pregenital, and specifically involve anal fixations and unresolved preoedipal attachments to the mother. Spider symbolism is usually associated with severe sleep disturbances and phobias. Separation conflicts and a high degree of ambivalence seem to underlie the symptomatology. She notes that the personalities of these patients and of their mothers seem to reveal a marked paranoid quality. 在蜘蛛恐惧症的情况下，可以更清楚地看到投射元素。基本的冲突似乎涉及到对 被一个攻击性母亲阉割 的恐惧。这类患者揭示了移情幻想，其中在沉默、警惕、隐藏和等待的蜘蛛与静静地坐在沙发后面的分析者之间画上了象征性的等号。Little(1967)从几个病例中提出的证据表明，患者的恐惧与口欲幻想和阳具幻想都有关，口欲恐惧源于害怕阴茎被口欲攻击的母亲吞下而失去阴茎。这类患者往往觉得自己被困在治疗情境中，或者觉得自己必须以某种方式安抚治疗师，以免治疗师扑上去吞噬他们。这些幻想可能与殴打幻想有关。类似的恐惧在所述的分析型患者——吉米和卡伦——身上都有明显的表现，但在接受心理治疗的患者身上也构成了治疗情况的一个重要方面。很明显，在这些案例中，恐惧焦虑即使没有越过边界，也接近于进入明确的偏执焦虑的领域。Melitta Sperling(1971)对蜘蛛象征主义的研究表明，涉及到的重要起源因素是前性器期的，特别是涉及到肛门固着和未解决的对母亲的前俄狄浦斯依恋。蜘蛛象征主义通常与严重的睡眠障碍和恐惧症有关。分离冲突和高度的矛盾性似乎是症状学的基础。她指出，这些病人及其母亲的性格似乎显示出明显的偏执性。