Coding System 编码系统 That classification, however, can be made on the basis of the most minimal clues. Essentially the minimal clues and the small amount of information they provide are located in a more generic coding system which provides additional information about the utility and function of the object. Bruner's discussion of such coding systems (1975) points to several conditions for the acquisition of such systems. The first important condition is the set or attitude which can determine what and how something is learned. Instructions serve as a means of producing sets which can bring different forms of coding into play. Bruner points out that the principal source of instruction and corresponding sets or attitudes is the individual's own past history. While the setting function of situational instruction is obviously transient, the influence of past experience tends to be a more perduring determination. From the point of view of the application in the present context, the past experience reflects a history of object relationships which is embedded in the organization of introjects. 然而，这种分类可以以最微小的线索为基础。从本质上说，它们提供的最小线索 和 少量信息 位于一个更通用的编码系统中，该编码系统提供关于客体 的效用和功能 的附加信息。布鲁纳(1975)对这种编码系统的讨论指出了获得这种系统的几个条件。第一个重要的条件是决定学习什么和如何学习 的设定或态度。指令作为一种生产设定的手段，可以使不同形式的编码发挥作用。布鲁纳指出，指令的主要来源 和 相应的设定或态度 是个体过去的历史。情境指令的设定作用是短暂的，而过去经验的影响则是更持久的决定作用。从当前环境下应用的角度来看，过去的经验 反映了 嵌入在内摄物组织中 的客体关系的历史。 Bruner also relates, as a second condition for acquisition of coding systems, the need of the organism. He proposes that the generality of the coding system, in relation to which newly acquired information can be organized, depends on the presence of an optimal motivational state. Conditions of high or very low drive or motivation tend to increase the concreteness of cognition. Thus under conditions of high drive, if a path to a goal is learned it is as a concrete path, namely, this path to this specific goal. The experimental animal under conditions of high drive does not evolve a generic coding system that permits him to pass beyond that level of training and to transfer the training to similar situations. Thus under conditions of high drive or need, cognitive adaptability or flexibility is lost and conditions of narrowness and rigidity are reinforced. 作为获得编码系统的第二个条件，布鲁纳还涉及到有机体的需求。他提出，编码系统的普遍性(与组织新获得的信息有关)取决于最佳动机状态 的存在。高或极低的驱力 或 动机 往往会增加认知的具体性。因此，在高驱力的条件下，如果学习了通往目标的路径，它就是一条具体的路径，也就是说，这条路径通向这个特定的目标。在高驱力力条件下的实验动物不会进化出一个通用的编码系统来允许它超越那个训练水平并将训练转移到类似的情境。因此，在高驱力或高需要的条件下，认知适应性或灵活性丧失，而狭窄和刚性条件得到强化。 From the point of view of our consideration here, the paranoid patient can be seen as operating under a condition of high need or drive. The paranoid construction is a form of coding which allows him to systematize and organize and give meaning and relevance to his experience. In his driven need state, the paranoid patient is under a strong compulsion to maintain the paranoid construction with a high degree of rigidity and a low degree of adaptability or flexibility. The construction enables him to go beyond the available information, but the drivenness of his inner need state prevents him from adapting the construction to new informational input and thus prevents him from going beyond the paranoid construction. Consequently, any new input data must be reduced to the terms of the paranoid construction or eliminated by selectivity or denial. 从我们这里考虑的角度来看，偏执患者可以被看作是在高需求或高驱力的情况下运作的。偏执建构是一种编码形式，它允许他系统化和组织 他的经验，并赋予其 意义和相关性。在被驱起来的需求状态下，偏执患者处于一种强烈的强迫状态，以维持偏执建构，刚性高，适应性或灵活性低。建构使他能够超越现有的信息，但他内在需求状态的驱力 使他无法调整建构以适配新的信息输入，从而阻止他超越偏执建构。因此，任何新的输入数据 都必须 归约到 偏执建构，或者通过 选择或拒绝 加以消除。 Thus it can be seen that much of the cognitive activity that we engage in is caught up in an active and dynamic process of continual categorizing and forming of hypotheses, as well as a continuing process of modifying, reshaping, and remaking such categorizations and hypotheses. In its cognitive perspective, this is what human adaptation and adjustment are all about. Piaget's instinct was unerring when he spoke of the need for the interplay of accommodation and assimilation in all of human cognitive functioning. It can also be seen, whether at the level of the simplest perceptual organization, or at the level of highly sophisticated and complex scientific theorizing, that the cognitive process involves a continual organization and synthesis of cognitive functions in the service of interpreting and making sense out of cognitive elements. It is at this point, in fact, that the potential for creative cognition enters, along with the potential for the radical breakdown of cognitive processes. 由此可见，我们所从事的许多认知活动 都陷入了一个 持续不断的 对假设 进行分类和形成 的主动动态过程中，以及 对这些分类和假设 进行不断的修正、重塑和再造的过程中。从认知的角度来看，这就是人类 适应和调整 的意义所在。皮亚杰的本能是正确的，当他谈到 在所有人类认知功能中 对适应和同化 的相互作用 的需要时。我们还可以看到，无论是在最简单的感知组织层面，还是在高度复杂的科学理论化层面，认知过程都涉及到 为解释和理解 认知要素 而不断地 组织和综合 认知功能。事实上，正是在这一点上，创造性认知的潜力进入了，同时认知过程也有可能彻底崩溃。 The paranoid construction is specifically such an organization of categorizations and an elaborate process of hypothesis formation. The constructive element enters into the organization of experience and available information in such a way as to give coherency and meaning and sense to what is experienced. When the paranoid process is operating, the primary determinants of the construction are internal need states and attitudes. The organization of such need states and attitudes depends to a powerful degree on the history of past experience and particularly the history of object relations which has characterized the individual's life experience. Thus what is experienced, how it is experienced, and how the experience is interpreted are influenced in significant ways by the organization, content, and defensive functioning of internal objects. 偏执建构就是这样一种 分类组织 和 假设形成的精化过程。建构要素进入 经验和可得信息的组织，使所经历的东西具有连贯性、含义和意义。当偏执过程运行时，建构的主要决定因素是内部 需求状态和态度。这种 需求状态和态度 的组织 在很大程度上取决于过去经验的历史，特别是 作为个体生活经验特征 的客体关系 的历史。因此，经历了什么，如何经历，以及如何解释经历，都受到内部客体 的组织、内容和防御功能的重大影响。