Cognitive Closure 认知关闭 Moreover, we can postulate an internal drive in human cognitive apparatus toward cognitive closure. Such a cognitive dynamism pushes us in the direction of the achievement and realization of truth and meaning, even when the external supports are lacking. Thus, truth and meaning tend to run ahead of proof. Ideas tend to outrun facts. Theories tend to accelerate beyond the range of data. The theoretical hare is always ready and willing to outdistance the empirical tortoise. And depending on the intensity of inner needs to achieve meaning and relevance, cognitive organization and closure become increasingly premature and increasingly resistant to alteration in the face of even convincing and opposing evidences. All of this, however, is quite familiar to us from the study of paranoid pathologies. 此外，我们可以假设在人类的认知器官中朝向 认知关闭 的内部驱力。这种认知动力，即使在缺乏外在支撑的情况下，也会推动我们走向 真理与意义 的成就与实现。因此，真理和意义 往往先于证据。思想往往胜过事实。理论的发展往往超出了数据的范围。理论的兔子总是准备好并且愿意超越经验的乌龟。依赖于 实现 意义和关联 的内在需求 的强度，认知组织和封闭 变得越来越不成熟，越来越抗拒改变，即使面对令人信服的和相反的证据。然而，所有这些都是我们在偏执病理研究中非常熟悉的。 However, such a basic tendency for thought to outrun reality is a fundamental dimension of the workings of human intelligence. Even at the level of basic perceptual processes, as we have seen, part of the process is the learning of the properties of a class of functionally equivalent objects, which we then use as a basis for inferring whether a newly encountered object belongs to that particular class or not. The range and flexibility of this process are truly remarkable. As Bruner has noted, both a speck on the horizon accompanied by a plume of smoke and the towering bulk of a transatlantic liner moored at its docks are both categorized under the equivalent class of ship. 然而，这种思想超越现实的基本趋势是人类智力运作的一个基本维度。即使是在基本感知过程的层面上，正如我们所见，这个过程的一部分 就是 学习一类功能上等价的客体的属性，然后我们以此为基础来推断一个新遇到的客体是否属于那个特定的类。这个过程的范围和灵活性是非常显著的。正如布鲁纳所指出的，无论是地平线上的一个小点伴随着一缕烟雾，还是停泊在码头上的一艘跨大西洋班轮高耸入云，都属于同一个船只类。