Cognitive Reconstruction 认知重构 In fact it should be noted that the essential elements in the description of paranoid construction were pointed to and emphasized by Freud in his thinking about paranoia. In Totem and Taboo, for example, he related the constructional aspects of not only paranoia but several neurotic syndromes to the work of secondary revision in dreams. He wrote: 实际上，应该指出的是，弗洛伊德在思考偏执症时，指出并强调了对偏执建构的描述的基本要素。例如，在《图腾与禁忌》一书中，他不仅将偏执症的建构方面，还将几种神经综合征的建构方面，与梦的二次修正工作联系起来。他写道: The secondary revision of the product of the dream-work is an admirable example of the nature and pretentions of a system. There is an intellectual function in us that demands unity, connection and intelligibility from any material, whether of perception or thought, that comes within its grasp; and if, as a result of special circumstances, it is unable to establish a true connection, it does not hesitate to fabricate a false one. Systems constructed in this way are known to us not only from dreams, but also from phobias, from obsessive thinking and from delusions. The construction of systems is seen most strikingly in delusional disorders (in paranoia), where it dominates the symptomatic picture; but its occurrence in other forms of neuro-psychosis must not be overlooked (1913b, p. 95). 对梦工厂产品的二次修订是一个系统的 本质和伪装 的极好的例子。我们内在的一种智力功能要求其掌握的任何物质（无论是感知还是思想）都具有统一性，联系性和可理解性；如果由于特殊情况，它无法建立真正的联系，它就会毫不犹豫地编造一个虚假的联系。我们不仅从梦境中，也可以从恐惧症、强迫性维斯和妄想中了解到以这种方式建构的系统。系统的建构在(偏执症的)妄想障碍中最为明显，它在症状中占主导地位；但它在其他形式的神经精神病中的出现也不容忽视(1913b，第95页)。 Nor was Freud unaware of the restitutional and motivational aspects of this reconstruction. In commenting on Schreber's delusional system, Freud makes the point that the delusional formation is precisely a process of reconstruction. Freud quotes a passage from Faust having to do with the destruction of the world, and then he adds— 弗洛伊德也不是不知道这种重建的复原和动机方面。弗洛伊德在评论史瑞伯的妄想系统时指出，妄想的形成正是一个重建的过程。弗洛伊德引用了《浮士德》中与世界毁灭有关的一段话，然后他补充道—— and the paranoic builds it again, not more splendid, it is true, but at least so that he can once more live in it. He builds it up by the work of his delusions. The delusional formation, which we take to be the pathological product, is in reality an attempt at recovery, a process of reconstruction. Such a reconstruction after the catastrophe is successful to a greater or lesser extent, but never wholly so. In Schreber's words, there has been a "profound internal change" in the world. But the human subject has recaptured a relation, and often a very intense one, to the people and things in the world. Even though the relation is a hostile one now, where formerly it was hopefully affectionate (1911, pp. 70-71). “偏执狂”又把它建了起来，并没有更辉煌，这是真的，但至少他可以再住在里面。他用自己的妄想建立起它。我们认为是病态产物的妄想形成，实际上是一种试图恢复的尝试，一个重建的过程。这样的灾后重建或多或少是成功的，但绝不是完全成功。用史瑞伯的话说，世界正在发生“深刻的内部变化”。但是，人类主体与世界上的人和事物重新建立了一种关系，而且往往是一种非常强烈的关系。尽管这种关系现在是敌对的，而以前则希望是深情的(1911，第70-71页)。 It is basically this insight which we are at pains to elaborate here. But it is our intention not simply to understand the function of the paranoid construction in relationship to paranoid symptomatology, but to see it in much broader terms as related to basic processes which are at work in human adaptation and personality development 这就是我们在这里努力阐述的基本观点。但我们的目的不是简单地理解偏执建构的功能与偏执症候学之间的关系，而是从更广泛的角度来看待它与人类适应和人格发展的基本过程之间的关系