Influence of Inner Need States 内部需求状态的影响 The interplay of extrinsic input and the derivation of perceptual and cognitive categories from internal need states is a matter of considerable complexity and interest. It seems that the maintenance of perceptual categories requires a minimum of continual stimulus input for them to function in a normal and reality-oriented fashion. This has to do with the whole issue of stimulus nutriment which Piaget discussed. In the absence of such nutriment, perceptual processes tend to become disorganized and cognitive processes seem to become dominated by internal influences. 外部输入 与 从内部 需要状态 衍生出的 感知和认知类别 的相互作用 是一个相当复杂和有趣的问题。似乎 感知类别 的维持需要最少的持续刺激输入，以使它们以正常和面向现实的方式发挥作用。这与皮亚杰讨论过的 刺激营养 的整个问题有关。如果没有这些营养，感知过程 就会变得无组织，认知过程 似乎会受到内部影响的支配。 Rapaport (1958), in discussing the question of autonomy, cited some experiments of Hebb and his students (Bexton, Heron, and Scott, 1954; Heron, Doane, and Scott, 1956: Heron, 1957) in which subjects were subjected to conditions of sensory deprivation, including auditory, visual, sensorimotor, tactile, and kinesthetic isolation. Two important observations were made. First, that the subjects experienced autistic fantasies in the sensorially deprived condition and that their ability to pursue ordered thought sequences was diminished. Second, when repetitive verbal information was given to the subjects in the condition of stimulus deprivation, this material was taken by some of the subjects and experienced as though it were the truth. This experience approached delusional intensity and apparently persisted for several weeks. Rapaport(1958)在讨论自主性问题时，引用了Hebb和他的学生们的一些实验(Bexton, Heron, and Scott, 1954; Heron, Doane, and Scott, 1956: Heron, 1957) ，在这些实验中，被试者被置于感官剥夺的条件下，包括听觉、视觉、感觉运动、触觉和动觉隔离。有两个重要的观察结果。首先，被试者在感觉被剥夺的情况下经历了自闭性幻想，他们追求有序思维序列的能力减弱了。第二，在刺激被剥夺的情况下，当重复的言语信息被给予被试者时，这些材料被一些被试者拿去并体验，仿佛它是真实的。这种经历接近妄想的强度，并持续了数周。 Rapaport understands this phenomenon in terms of the relative autonomy from reality influences in a stimulus-deprived context, with a corresponding diminution of autonomy from inner drive influences. There is undoubtedly some validity in this formulation of the phenomenon observed, but I would like to suggest that an alternate interpretation, although not exclusive of the preceding, is that the human mind functions in such a way as to provide consistency, organization, meaning, and relevance to whatever experience is available to it, regardless of the amount of sensory informational input. The same phenomenon is at work in these experiments as underlies the factor of perceptual readiness described by Bruner. Rapaport对这一现象的理解是，在刺激被剥夺的环境中，对于现实影响的相对自主性，以及对于内部驱力影响，自主性的相应下降[没太看懂，不过Rapaport的这个解释并不重要]。毫无疑问，这种解释对于观察到的现象有一定有效性，但是我建议另一种解释(虽然不是以前未被提出的)是人类大脑功能，无论对任何提供给它的东西，无论感觉信息 输入的数量，以这样一种方式工作，以提供一致性、组织、意义和相关性。同样的现象也在这些实验中起作用，这也是Bruner所描述的感知准备 因素的基础。 In the reported experiments, it is reasonable to presume that the effects of sensory deprivation were to induce a state of cognitive regression in the subjects. In such a regressed state, the judgmental capability of the mind is more susceptible and responsive to the determining influences of inner need states, and correspondingly less responsive and oriented toward the determining influence of extrinsic stimuli. This is not quite the same as what has been traditionally described in terms of a regression from secondary to primary process. In fact, the secondary process organization of mental operations remains intact, but the determining influence, which gives the particular mental operations their apparent truth value, is shifted from objective and verifiable real events to the level of subjective and internal need states. And in fact, this configuration is quite characteristic of the paranoid mentality. It is quite characteristic of the paranoid to maintain high standards for logical integration and secondary process functioning, but the basic truth-motivation of his cognitive orientation is somehow divorced from the available real evidence. 在报告的实验中，可以合理地推测 感官剥夺 的影响会导致被试者的认知退行状态。在这种退行状态下，大脑的判断能力对内在需求状态的决定性影响更敏感、更具响应性，对外在刺激 的决定性影响 的反应性和方向性 相对较差。这与传统上所描述的从次级过程退行到初级过程的情况不完全相同。事实上，心理活动的次级过程组织仍然完好无损，但使特定心理活动具有表观真值的决定性影响从客观的、可验证的真实事件转移到主观的、内在的需求状态层面。事实上，这种配置是偏执心态的特征。偏执者的特征是对逻辑整合和次级过程功能保持高标准，但其 认知取向的 基本 真实动机 却与 现有的真实证据 有一定的脱节。