Motivational Organization 动机组织 But the phenomenon of motivational impact upon perceptual processes has been a part of our standard lore of psychological thinking for some years. The role of motivations and their influence on perceptual processes and the importance of understanding and studying individual differences in perceptual processes was clearly stated in Gardner Murphy's classic text over a quarter of a century ago (Murphy, 1947). And as Murphy noted so well, the primacy must lie with the internal needs and dispositions. In a famous paragraph, he wrote: 但是，动机对感知过程的影响这一现象，多年来一直是我们心理学思维的标准知识的一部分。动机的作用及其对感知过程的影响，以及理解和研究感知过程中个体差异的重要性，早在25年前加德纳·墨菲的经典著作中就已经清楚地阐述过了(Murphy, 1947)。正如墨菲所指出的，首要的必须是内在的需要和性格。在一段著名的段落中，他写道: It must, however, be borne in mind that the existence of needs precedes their expression in perception. Needs are present before one opens his eyes, before a voice strikes the ear. Needs determine how the incoming energies are to be put into structured form. Perception, then, is not something that is first registered objectively, then "distorted." Rather, as the need pattern shifts, the stage is set, minute by minute, for quasi-automatic structure-giving tendencies that make the percept suit the need. The need pattern predisposes to one rather than another manner of anchoring the percept around one's needs. Needs keep ahead of percepts (pp. 377-378). 但是，必须记住，需求的存在先于它们在感知中的表现。需求在人睁开眼睛之前就出现了，在声音传入耳朵之前就出现了。需求决定了进入的能量将如何被放入结构形式中。感知并不是一开始是客观的，然后被“扭曲”的。相反，当需求模式发生变化时，一分钟一分钟地为 准自动 结构给出 的趋势设置了舞台，这种趋势使 感知对象 适应需求。需求模式倾向于 围绕他的需求 锚定感知对象的一种而不是另一种方式。需求领先于感知(第377-378页)。 In fact, the general principle of the influence of motivational states on cognitive states has been well documented. The influence has pertinence at almost all levels of cognitive organization. The influence of motivational states on perception has been experimentally validated from the early experiments of Postman and Bruner and others on the influence of values and need states on perceptual behavior (Postman and Bruner, 1948: Bruner and Goodman, 1947: Bruner and Postman, 1947ab, 1948: Bruner, Postman, and McGinnies, 1948). The understanding of the impact of motivational and dynamic factors on perceptual systems and their cognitive integration has reached highly sophisticated levels of conceptualization and experimentation (Klein, 1970). 事实上，动机状态对认知状态影响的一般原则已经得到了很好的证明。这种影响几乎在认知组织的各个层面都具有针对性。动机状态对感知的影响已经从Postman和Bruner等早期关于价值观和需求状态对感知行为的影响的实验中得到了验证(Postman and Bruner, 1948: Bruner and Goodman, 1947: Bruner and Postman, 1947ab, 1948: Bruner, Postman, and McGinnies, 1948)。对动机和动态因素对感知系统及其认知整合的影响的理解已经达到概念化和实验的高度复杂的水平(Klein, 1970)。 The whole area of the influences determining selective attention has recognized the strong influence of motivational elements (Norman, 1968, 1970). The role of such selective factors both in selective preservation of memory elements and in phenomena of distortion in memory and repression of memory elements was amply documented by the work of David Rapaport (1942) and even earlier, if implicitly, in the classic work of Bartlett. The role of need states and internal motivational forces has also been recognized in forms of pathological functioning of learning and memory systems (Talland, 1968; Talland and Waugh, 1969). And even more graphically the role of such motivational states has been traced in higher forms of conceptual and theoretical thinking (Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin, 1956). 决定选择性注意的影响 的整个领域 都认识到动机因素的强大影响(Norman, 1968, 1970)。David Rapaport(1942)甚至更早的巴特利特的经典著作中，都充分证明了这些选择性因素在 记忆元素的选择性保存 以及 记忆扭曲和记忆元素抑制现象 中的作用。需求状态和内部动机力量的作用 也在学习和记忆系统 的病理功能中得到确认(Talland, 1968;Talland Waugh, 1969)。更生动的是，这种动机状态的作用 在更高形式的概念和理论思维 中也能被追踪到(Bruner, Goodnow, And Austin, 1956)。 In a highly suggestive, if heuristic, presentation, Henle (1955) has delineated a variety of ways in which need states and attitudes come to influence cognitive processes—at whatever level they may occur. Need states may operate as vector forces, pointing attention in one direction rather than another, so that aspects of perceptual field may be brought into awareness that otherwise might not. They may serve to organize and structure the perceptual or cognitive field, to a certain extent within the limits of conscious experience, but also taking place quite obviously on unconscious levels. This may also lead to the perception of other relations not previously grasped. The arousal of needs or attitudes may function as a selective factor among a variety of possibilities presented. Or they may supply a context for meaningful integration. Henle(1955)以一种极富启发性的方式描述了 需求状态和态度 影响认知过程的各种方式——无论它们可能在何种程度上发生。需求状态可能像矢量力一样运作，将注意力指向一个方向而不是另一个方向，因此感知场的某些方面可能被带入意识，而别的方面可能不会。它们可以在一定程度上在意识经验的范围内 组织和结构化 感知或认知场，但也在相当明显的无意识层面上发生。这也可能导致对之前没有把握的其他关系的感知。需求或态度的唤起 可能在呈现的各种可能性中起选择因素的作用。或者它们可以为 有意义的整合提供环境。 The organization of contexts can decisively influence the experience of specific cognitive items so that changing patterns of interpretation of elements of experience can be a result. The functions of needs and attitudes as temporally extended organizations can arouse memory traces relevant to these organizational patterns. Thus previous experience has a determining effect on cognitive processes, such as the establishing and contributing of meanings, the establishing of judgmental norms or adaptation levels, or the shifting of levels of significance of experienced items—either rendering it commonplace, so that it is overlooked, or increasing its significance in the cognitive field. Thus previous experience, shaped and aroused by motivational elements, can serve as a strong selective factor which favors certain possibilities and minimizes or rejects others. 环境的组织可以决定性地影响对特定认知项目的体验，从而改变对体验要素的解释模式。需求和态度的功能 作为时间延伸的组织 可以唤起 与这些组织模式相关的 记忆痕迹。因此，先前的经验对认知过程具有决定性的影响，例如意义的建立和贡献，判断规范或适应水平的建立，或被体验的项目的重要性水平的转变——要么使其变得司空见惯，以至于被忽略了，要么增加其在认知领域的重要性。因此，由动机因素塑造和唤起的以前的经验，可以作为一种强烈的选择性因素，它有利于某些可能性，并尽量减少或拒绝其他可能性。 Motivational influences or needs may likewise arouse expectations which have an influence on the determination of cognitive sets. They may even lead an individual to withdraw from cognitive interaction and discourage a desire to understand or ask questions or consider relevant evidences. They can also be a source of distortion by interfering with our capacity to discriminate differences and make distinctions or to minimize or magnify contrasts. And last, but not least, motivational aspects may lead us to intensify or diminish the degree of effort which we bring to the performance of cognitive tasks. 动机的影响或需要 同样可以唤起对 认知集 的确定有影响的期望。它们甚至可能导致个体退出认知互动，抑制 理解、提问或考虑相关证据 的欲望。它们也可能是失真的来源，因为它们干扰了我们辨别差异和做出区分的能力，或者缩小或放大差异的能力。最后，但并非最不重要的是，动机方面可能会导致我们 加强或减少 我们在执行认知任务时的努力程度。 All of these variations in the play of motivational and need states upon cognitive processes have their role in the paranoid process. But as much of our analysis here has indicated, the play of motivational states does not take place in a vacuum. Rather it takes place in a highly organized internal milieu, which is given its shape and its structure by the clustering of motivational influences around certain meaningful patterns of organization which we have described as introjects. Consequently the motivational states, which we are discussing and describing here, differ from the experimentally based and laboratory-induced forms of deprivation which are often used to study motivational influences in an experimental context. Rather they are embedded in and derived from interpersonal contexts, in which the processes of introjection and projection play themselves out. 所有这些在认知过程中发挥作用的 动机和需要状态 的变化 在偏执过程中都有它们的作用。但正如我们的分析所表明的那样，动机状态的发挥 并不是在真空中发生的。相反，它发生在一个高度组织化的内部环境中，它的形状和结构是由 围绕 我们称之为“内摄物”的 某些有意义的组织模式的 动机影响的 聚类 所赋予的。因此，我们在这里讨论和描述的 动机状态，不同于 基于实验的和实验室诱导的 剥夺形式，后者通常用于在实验环境中研究 动机影响。相反，它们根植于 并 从人际环境中 衍生出来，在人际环境中，内摄和投射的过程发挥着自己的作用。