Negation 否定 If we choose to parallel Rapaport's argument about relative autonomy from both external reality and from internal drives, we can see that there are cognitive influences which parallel and derive from each of these conditions. Freud had called attention to the relationship between negation and repression. He wrote: 如果我们选择将Rapaport关于 从外部现实 与 内部驱力 的相对自主性 的论点 相平行，我们可以看到 认知影响 与这些条件并行并从这些条件中派生。弗洛伊德曾呼吁人们注意否定与压抑之间的关系。他写道: Since to affirm or negate the content of thoughts is the task of the function of intellectual judgment, what we have just been saying has led us to the psychological origin of that function. To negate something in a judgement is, at bottom, to say: "This is something which I should prefer to repress." The negative judgement is the intellectual substitute for repression; it's "No" is the hall-mark of repression, a certification of origin—like, let us say, "Made in Germany." With the help of the symbol of negation, thinking frees itself from the restrictions of repression and enriches itself with material that is indispensable for its proper functioning (1925, p. 236). 既然 肯定或否定 思想的内容 是智力判断功能 的任务，我们刚才所说的已经把我们引向了这种功能的心理起源。在判断中否定某件事，说到底，就是说:“这是件我宁愿压抑的事。”负面判断是压抑的理智替代品;“不”是一种压抑的标志，一种原产地证明，就像我们说，“德国制造”。在否定符号的帮助下，思维从压抑的束缚中解放出来，用其正常运行所必需的物质丰富自己的正常运作(1925，第236页)。 Negation, however, can also operate in the direction of external reality. Here it is more akin to the mechanism of denial. In relation to external reality, however, the paranoid construction is capable of utilizing negation, denial, selective attention, isolation, and even distortion. At times the distortion is even primarily a perceptual form of distortion. Negation can serve in any of these processes as a means of declaring what is not consistent with the paranoid construction to not exist, regardless of its reality status. From this point of view the paranoid construction is transparently in the service of defense, and functions in this respect as determined by id derivatives. In this respect it represents an impairment of reality testing. 然而，否定也可以作用于外部现实。这更类似于否认的机制。然而，在与外部现实的关系中，偏执建构能够利用否定、否认、选择性注意、孤立甚至扭曲。有时，扭曲甚至主要是一种感知形式的扭曲。否定可以在这些过程中作为一种手段，宣告与偏执建构不一致的东西不存在，不管它的现实状态如何。从这个角度来看，偏执建构在防御服务中是透明的，在这方面的功能由本我衍生物决定。在这方面，它代表对现实检验的一种损害。 But in another respect it serves as the instrument of the latter. Reality testing in this sense is never a matter of totally objective and impartial evaluation of extrinsic evidences according to rational and logical secondary process criteria. There is always a place and function in the cognitive scheme for the subjective activity of the knowing observer. As Bruner's analysis of perceptual readiness suggests, and as we shall see more at length in a moment, our cognitive contact with reality is never total, never complete, never without its gaps and lacunae, never grasps totally, without the accompanying processing of input information by a series of cognitive schemata and categories which organize and construct the world of inner meanings. Such internally constructed schemata cannot escape the influence of internal forces and motivations. 但在另一方面，它是后者的工具。在这个意义上，现实检验 绝不是 根据理性和逻辑的次级过程标准，对外在证据进行的 完全客观和公正的评估。认识观察者 的主观活动，在认知图式中，总有一个位置和功能。正如布鲁纳对 感知准备 的分析所指出的那样(我们一会儿会更详细地看到)，我们与现实的认知接触永远不会是完全的，永远不会是完整的，永远不会没有间隙和缺损，永远不会完全掌握，除非我们通过一系列的认知图式和分类 对输入的信息 进行相应的处理，这些认知图式和分类 组织和建构了 内在意义的世界。这种内部建构的图式无法逃脱内部力量和动机的影响。